COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

in  relation  to 

CHURCH  EFFICIENCY 


CHARLES  E' CARROLL 


^^iWrni 


JAN  14  1916 


/• 


BV  652.4 
Carroll, 

.C3  1915 
Charles  Eden 

,  1877- 

The  community  survey 
relation  to  church 

in 

A  Chromatic  Pin-Map  of  Two  Mission  Territories 


THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

IN  RELATION  TO 

CHURCH  EFFICIENCY 

A    GUIDE    FOR    WORKERS   IN   THE 
CITY,  TOWN,  AND  COUNTRY  CHURCH 


BY  vV' 

CHARLES  E.  CARROLL 

WITH  AN  INTRODUCTION 
BY 

BISHOP  FRANCIS  J.  McCONNELL 


THE    ABINGDON    PRESS 
NEW  YORK  CINCINNATI 


Copyright,  1915,  by 
CHARLES  E.  CARROLL 


TO  ALL  THOSE  HAVING 

SOCIAL  VISION 

WHO  ARE  INVESTING 
THEIR  TALENTS  IN 

CHRISTIAN  SERVICE 

WHO  ARE  UP-BUILDING 
A  MORE 

EFFICIENT  CHURCH 

THIS  BOOK  IS 

FRATERNALLY  DEDICATED 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Foreword ix 

Preface xi 

Introduction xiii 

PART  I 
The  Christian  Church  and  Social  Service 

CHAPTER 

I.  Social  Service  and  Conceptions  of  the  Church 3 

1.  The  Scriptural  Conception 3 

2.  The  Modern  Conception 5 

3.  The  Modern  Church  in  Social  Action 7 

II.  The  Social  Task  and  Responsibility  of  the  Church 8 

Some  Community  Questions 8 

1.  About  the  Workingman 8 

2.  About  the  Family 9 

3.  About  the  Delinquent  and  Dependent 10 

4.  About  the  Young  People : .  .  11 

5.  About  the  Country  and  the  Country  Church 12 

III.  Community  Surveying  and  Efficiency  of  the  Church 14 

1.  The  Efficient  Church:  Its  Elements 14 

2.  The  Community  Survey 15 

a.  What  is  a  Community  Survey? 15 

b.  The  Need  of  a  Community  Survey 16 

c.  The  Value  of  Community  Sm-veys 18 

IV.  The  Community  Survey  and  Demonstrations  of  Efficiency  21 

1.  Particular  Examples  of  Church  Efficiency 22 

2.  Special  Ways  of  Utilizing  Survey  Results 26 

PART  II 
The  Making  of  a  Community  Survey 

I.  Organization  for  a  Community  Survey 33 

1.  The  Organization  Tree 33 

2.  The  Auspices 33 

3.  The  Division  of  Labor 35 

II.  The  Plan  of  Investigation  in  a  Community  Survey 37 

1.  The  Viewpoints 37 

2.  The  Scope 37 

a.  The  Local  Church  Survey 37 

b.  The  City  and  Rural  Community  Survey 44 

c.  Schedules  for  Community  Siu-vey 44 

3.  The  Sources 52 

4.  The  Methods 53 

a.  The  Four  General  Methods 53 

V 


vi  CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

b.  Method  of  a  Local  Community  Survey 54 

c.  Method  of  a  City  Social  Survey 59 

d.  Method  of  a  General  Rural  Survey 60 

e.  Method  of  a  Denominational  Sm'vey 61 

f .  Method  of  a  General  Field  Survey 63 

III.  Survey  Statistics 64 

1.  Classification  of  Material 64 

2.  Tabulation  of  Material 67 

3.  Demonstration  and  Interpretation 71 

a.  Graphs  and  Diagrams 75 

b.  Suggested  City  Charts 76 

c.  Suggestions  for  Rural  Charts 77 

d.  Some    Practical    Suggestions    for    City    and    Rural 

Charts 78 

IV.  Conservation  of  Survey  Results:    Follow-Up  Plans 93 

1.  For  Recruiting  Church  Membership 93 

2.  For  Local  Community  Service 96 

3.  For  City-Wide  Social  Service 96 

V.  Recommendations  for  a  Community  Service  Program 97 

1.  A  Local  Program 97 

2.  A  Rural  Program 97 

3.  A  Minimum  Community  Program 99 

4.  A  City's  Comprehensive  Program 99 

Appendices 

Appendix  A.    An  Analytical  Outline   of  a  Comprehensive  Survey 

Report 103 

Appendix  B.    A  City  Rehgious  and  Sociological  Schedule 106 

Appendix  C.    A  Rural  Religious  and  Sociological  Schedule 110 

Bibliography 117 

Index 123 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

CHART  NO.  PAGE 

A  Chromatic  Pin-Map  of  Two  Mission  Territories 

Frontispiece 

I.  Chart  Showing  Organization  Tree  of  a  City  Community 

Survey 34 

II.  Percentage  Frequency  Graph  Showing  the  Comparative 

Weekly   Wages  in  Three  Mission  Territories,  Denver    69 

III.  Chart  Showing  Comparative  Absolute  Trend  of  Church 

Membership    and   Simday   School   Enrollment:   Grace 
and  Saint  James  Churches 72 

IV.  Chart  Showing  Relative  Trend  of  Church  Membership 

and  Sunday  School  Enrollment :  Saint  James  Church .  .     73 
V.  Chart  Showing  Relative  Five- Years'  "Smoothed"  Aver- 
ages :  Saint  James  Church  Membership 74 

VI.  Chart  Showing  the  Percentages  of  Indebtedness  and  of 
Paid  Investments,  Separately  and  Jointly,  of  Simp- 
son and  Hess  M.  E.  Churches  Since  1909  (Simpson, 
New  Property;  Hess,  S5,500  Improvements) 80 

VII.  Chart  Showing  the  Extent  of  Duplicated  Territory  in  the 
Simpson-Hess  Field  and  the  Number  of  Affiliated 
Homes  Each  Church  Has  Located  East  and  West  from 

the  North  and  South  Streets  Respectively 81 

VIII.  Chart  Showing  the  Proximity  of  Neighborhood  Churches: 

Saint  James  Territory 82 

IX.  Chart  Showing  to  What  Extent  Expansion  of  the  Down- 
town Business  District  is  a  Serious  Problem 83 

X.  Chart  Showing  by  Districts  from  Simpson  Church  the 
Extent  of  New  Residence  Buildings  Which  Have  Been 
Erected  Within  the  Territory  Since  the  New  Simpson 
Church  Was  Built  (August,  1911) 84 

XI.  Chart  Showing  the  Old  and  the  Proposed  New  Locations 
and   Proposed   New    Buildings   Within   Simpson-Hess 

Residential  Territory  by  Neighborhood  Churches 84 

XII.  Chart  Showing  the  Comparison  Between  the  Number  of 
Churches  and  the  Number  of  Saloons:  Saint  James- 
People's  Territory 85 

XIII.  Chart  Showing  What  Furnishes  the  Amusements  in  Saint 

James  Territory 85 

XIV.  Chart  Showing  the  Comparison  Between  the  Number  of 

Native  Born  and  Number  of  Foreign  Born  in  People's 

Territory 86 

XV.  Chart  Showing  the  Relative  Causes  of  PubUc  Charity 

Cases:  Epworth  Territory 86 

XVI.  Chart  Showing  the  Percentage  of  Professional  Men, 
Business  Men,  Mechanics,  and  Laborers  Residmg  m  the 

Simpson-Hess  Territory 87 

vii 


viii  ILLUSTKATIONS 

CHART  NO.  PAGE 

XVII.  Chart  Showing  the  Comparison  Between  the  Percentages 
of  Owners  and  Renters  in  Three  of  the  Mission  Terri- 
tories       87 

XVIII.  Chart  Showing  the  Sanitary  Conditions  in  Three  of  the 

Mission  Territories 88 

XIX.  Chai't  Showing  the  Percentage  of  Homes  Represented 
Within,    and    the    Percentage   of   Homes   Represented 

Without,  the  Respective  Mission  Territories 88 

XX.  Chart  Showing  the  Comparative  Denominational  Strength 

According  to  Homes  in  Two  Mission  Territories 89 

XXI.  Chart  Showing  the  Strength  of  NationaUties  According  to 

Homes  in  Saint  James's  Territory 89 

XXII.  Chart  Showing  the  Percentage  of  Homes  Which  Are 
CathoHc,  Colored,  Jewish,  Other  (Non-Protestant) 
Affihated  Protestant  and  Nominally  Protestant  in  the 
Epworth  Territory 90 

XXIII.  Chart  Showing  the  Extent  of  Sunday  Work  Among  the 

Wage  Earners  in  Epworth  Mission  Territory 90 

XXIV.  Chart  Showing  the  Sacrifice  Made  in  the  Disposal  of  the 

Old  Simpson  Methodist  Property  in  1909 91 

XXV.  Chart  Showing  the  Percentage  of  Simpson  and  Hess 
Methodist  Homes  to  the  Total  Number  of  Homes, 
Within  and  Without  the  Territory,  Located  in  Denver .  .  91 
XXVI.  Chart  Showing  the  Comparison  Between  Sunday  School 
Enrollment  and  Sunday  School  Attendance:  Epworth 
Mission 91 

XXVII.  Suggestive  Map  of  a  Rural  Community  Survey 92 

XXVIII.  Chart  Showing  a  Color  Signal  Index  System  for  Schedules.     94 


FOREWORD 

The  following  letter  from  Dr.  Ward  Piatt,  one  of  the  cor- 
responding secretaries  of  the  Board  of  Home  Missions  and 
Church  Extension,  is  here  printed  by  permission  as  setting 
forth  the  plan  and  purpose  of  the  book : 

Philadelphia,  Pa., 
October  29,  1914. 
Rev.  Charles  E.  Carroll, 
1830  East  33d  Ave., 
Denver,  Colo. 

My  dear  Brother  Carroll: 

I  have  examined  with  very  great  interest  your  manuscript — The 
Community  Survey  in  Relation  to  Church  Efficiency.  It  is  cer- 
tainly a  very  admirable  piece  of  work,  and  also  important. 

You  certainly  have  done  monumental  work,  not  only  in  com- 
piling the  information  but  in  arranging  working  plans  in  such  a 
way  as  to  be  available  for  a  variety  of  fields.  The  best  part  of  it  is 
that  it  is  not  mere  theory,  but  you  have  successfully  worked  out 
the  city  plans  with  such  results  as  to  vindicate  your  program  of 
survey  as  presented. 

I  am  more  than  impressed  with  the  permanent  value  of  the  same 
in  the  form  of  a  publication. 

Wishing  you  the  greatest  success  in  your  valuable  work,  I  am 

Sincerely  yours, 

(Signed)     Ward  Platt. 


IX 


PREFACE 

The  author  has  received  many  suggestions  that  such  a 
book  as  this  should  be  written.  The  field  for  such  a  work^ 
as  far  as  he  has  been  able  to  discover,  seems  to  be  entirely 
open.  This  fact  has  made  the  task  of  writing  the  book  an 
inviting  one. 

The  work  has  largely  grown  out  of  personal  experiences 
in  country,  town,  and  city  pastorates.  The  primary  pur- 
pose is  to  bring  to  the  awakened  church  practical  guidance 
in  meeting  its  great  social  and  religious  tasks  of  community 
service.  While  the  book  is  particularly  adapted  to  the 
needs  of  the  Christian  pastor,  it  is  of  obvious  value  to  the 
progressive  Christian  layman  and  social  worker. 

The  writer  has  participated  in  various  city  surveys  of  a 
general  character.     He  has  also  personally  conducted  or  ^^ 
acted  as  director  for  several  religious,  social,  and  imdus- 
trial  surveys  in  Nebraska,  Colorado,  and  Utah,  each  one  of   ' 
which  has  served  practical  ends. 

The   author  wishes  to   express   his   indebtedness  to   his 
present  friend  and  former  instructor — whose  eminent  schol- 
arship and  loftiness  of  social  vision  first  stimulated  him  to 
lay  the  foundations  for  this  work — Head  Professor  George 
Elliott  Howard,  Ph.D.,  University  of  Nebraska;  to  Chan- 
cellor Henry  A.  Buchtel,  LL.D.,  University  of  Denver,  for 
his  special  interest  in  the  practical  matter  contained  in 
the  work,  for  suggesting  its  title,  and  for  his  genial  encour- 
agement which  led  to  its  preparation;  to  President  Harris  j 
Franklin  Rail,  D.D.,  Ph.D.,  Iliff  School  of  Theology,  for  ( 
his  kind  suggestions  and  valuable  criticisms  of  the  manu-  f 
script;  to  Bishop  Francis  J.  McConnell,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  and 
to  District  Superintendent  David  D.  Forsyth,  D.D.,  of  Den- 
ver, for  their  generous  appreciation  of  the  practical  relation- 

xi 


xii  PEEPACE 

ship  existing  between  the  surveying  of  a  community  and 
the  efficiency  of  the  church — without  whose  cordial  in- 
terest and  kind  counsels,  the  preparation  of  this  volume 
would  not  have  been  begun.  C.  E.  C. 

Denver,  Colorado,  March,  1915. 


lNTllODUCTIO:Nf 

'1'hb  use  of  scientific  methods  in  church  surveys  is  simply 
an  application  of  the  principles  of  common  sense  in  system- 
atic fashion.  Every  wise  pastor  makes  some  sort  of  an 
attempt  to  learn  all  that  it  is  possible  to  find  out  about  his 
church  field.  But  even  the  wisest  pastor  is  at  times  uncer- 
tain as  to  just  what  to  look  for,  and  those  who  know  what 
to  look  for  do  not  always  know  how  to  look.  The  methods 
of  statistical  and  other  forms  of  investigation  have  now 
been  far  enough  developed  by  social  workers  to  be  of  great 
value  to  the  pastor.  Where  in  other  days  the  pastor  had  a 
limited  set  of  facts  from  which  to  draw  his  conclusions  he 
can  now  find  very  extensive  groups  of  facts  which  bear 
directly  on  his  work.  Of  course  the  facts  have  been  there  all 
the  time,  but  it  is  only  recently  that  the  technique  has  been 
developed  which  enables  the  church  worker  to  get  quickly  at 
the  real  truth  of  a  church  situation.  Some  lines  of  inves- 
tigation have  been  proved  to  be  of  little  value  and  others 
have  been  found  prolific  of  weighty  results. 

It  is  astonishing  to  note  how  few  churches  in  Methodism 
are  attempting  to  dealing  specifically  with  a  distinctive 
problem.  We  are  all  aware  that  the  one  Gospel  is  for  all 
men,  but  the  applications  of  the  Gospel  are  many  and  vari- 
ous. And  the  problems  of  churches  are  likewise  many  and 
various.  The  method  which  will  succeed  in  one  church  will 
not  succeed  in  another.  Before  a  method  is  tried  the  dis- 
tinctive problem  which  the  church  presents  should  be  mas- 
tered. No  mere  rule-of-thumb  in  "sizing  up"  a  church  field 
will  do.  When  the  United  States  Government  first  began 
to  make  weather  reports  it  was  thwarted  because  the  ob- 
servers in  various  parts  of  the  country  would  send  in  reports 
made  by  "just  going  out  doors  and  looking  around"  rather 
than  by  carefully  reading  the  scientific  instruments.     Just 


xiv  INTKODUCTION 

looking  around  is  not  likely  to  prove  much  more  successful 
in  church  communities,  es]3ecially  in  cities  where  the  con- 
gregation is  in  constant  change.  The  aim  of  the  conscien- 
tious minister  is  to  get  at  the  facts  at  all  costs. 

Such  books  as  this  of  Dr.  Carroll  enable  us  to  get  at  facts 
in  church  fields  very  simply  and  quickly.  Dr.  Carroll  has 
had  thorough  college  and  university  training  in  the  study 
of  social  problems.  He  is  a  master  of  really  scientific 
method.  Some  of  his  surveys  made  in  the  city  of  Denver 
have  been  of  the  greatest  service  in  dealing  with  the  problem 
of  the  relocation  of  churches  and  of  better  cultivation  of 
church  fields.  A  few  months  ago  the  writer  sent  Dr.  Carroll 
to  Utah  to  study  conditions  in  a  typical  Mormon  town.  Six 
weeks  of  scientific  investigation  yielded  astonishingly  illumi- 
nating results. 

I  trust  that  this  book  may  have  not  merely  a  wide  circu- 
lation but  very  careful  study.  It  will  point  the  way  toward 
speedy  and  sure  diagnosis  of  conditions  which  profoundly 
influence  religious  w^ork  in  practically  all  localities. 

Francis  J.  McConnell. 


PART  I 
THE   CHRISTIAN   CHURCH   AND    SOCIAL   SERVICE 


J 


CHAPTER   I 

SOCIAL  SERVICE  AND  CONCEPTIONS  OF  THE 
CHURCH 

1.     The  Scriptural  Conception 

Christianity  was  born  with  a  social  vision.  The  modern 
interpretation  of  that  vision  is  social  service,  which  is  but 
the  modern  name  for  the  scriptural  conception  of  the  so- 
cial aim  and  end  of  religion.  That  social  aim  is  to  bring 
religion  from  the  stars  to  the  streets,  to  interpret  it  in 
terms  of  the  work-a-day  world.  That  social  end  is  a  regehh\ 
erated  society,  regenerated  bodies  and  regenerated  souls:; 
the  achievement  of  the  Kingdom  of  God  in  this  world,  and 
the  better  preparation  for  the  realization  of  the  Kingdom 
of  Heaven  in  the  next.  As  the  gardener  must  first  clear 
and  break  up  the  soil  in  which  he  sows  the  seed,  so  the 
worker  for  the  Kingdom  of  God  must  remove  the  social  and 
economic  conditions  which  are  unfavorable  for  Christian 
growth. 

Social  service,  in  the  complete  program  of  the  Kingdom, 
is  related  to  other  forms  of  Christian  activity  as  follows: 
^'Evangelism — winning  men  unto  Jesus  Christ;  missions — 
making  the  good  news  known  to  the  nations;  education — 
training  lives  for  the  Kingdom  and  building  them  up  in 
Christlikeness;  and  social  service — serving  the  w^hole  life 
of  man  and  building  a  Christian  social  order."^  It  stands 
for  no  class  of  men  but  for  all  classes;  not  for  the  poor 
against  the  rich,  but  for  the  poor  and  the  rich  alike.  It 
stands  for  the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  proper 
relationships — physical,  economic,  social,  and  spiritual. 

The  inception  of  social  service  reaches  back  to  the  re- 
ligion of  Israel.     There  is,  in  fact,  no  period  when  people 

1  The  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  America,   *'A  Social  Service  Catechism." 
(Leaflet.) 


4  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

have  not  tried,  almost  instinctively,  to  secure  a  healthy 
community  life  through  the  regulation  of  human  relation- 
ships. Moses,  the  leader,  lawgiver,  and  liberator,  heard  the 
divine  voice  calling  him  to  social  service  (Exod.  3.  7,  8,  10). 
The  teachings  of  Mount  Sinai  (Exod.  20)  concern  not  only 
religious  obligations  but  fundamental  social  relations.  The 
Hebrew  law  controlled  both  conduct  and  economic  rela- 
tions. Slavery  was  allowed,  but  slaves  had  rights  (Deut. 
15.  7-14)  ;  the  poor  were  looked  after  (Lev.  19.  9,  10)  ;  charity 
was  urged,  "Thou  slialt  love  thy  neighbor  as  thyself"  (Lev. 
19.  18)  ;  justice  was  required  (Lev.  19.  30)  ;  widows  and  the 
fatherless  were  cared  for  (Deut.  10.  18)  ;  the  land  was  held 
for  use,  and  allotted  to  families  according  to  size ;  God  was 
the  owner  (Lev.  25.  23),  etc.  Later,  the  prophets  in  turn 
I)leaded  the  cause  of  the  widow,  the  care  of  the  fatherless, 
and  the  relief  of  the  needy  and  the  oppressed. 

Social  service  finds  its  direct  inspiration,  however,  from 
Him  who,  going  about  doing  good,  said: 

"The  Spirit  of  the  Lord  is  upon  me. 
Because  he  anointed  me  to  preach  good  tidings  to  the 

poor: 
He  hath  sent  me  to  proclaim  release  to  the  captives. 
And  recovering  of  sight  to  the  blind. 
To  set  at  liberty  them  that  are  bruised. 
To  proclaim  the  acceptable  year  of  the  Lord  ;"2 

from  Him  who  described  the  inheritance  of  that  Kingdom 
which  had  been  prepared  from  the  foundations  of  the  world 
as  depending  much  upon  whether  or  not  the  hungry  had 
been  given  meat,  the  thirsty  had  been  given  drink,  the 
stranger  had  been  taken  in,  the  naked  had  been  clothed, 
those  sick  and  in  prison  had  been  visited.  ^A  great  part  of 
His  ministry  was  spent  in  caring  for  the  j^hysical  as  well  as 
for  the  spiritual  needs  of  mankind.  He  gave  the  blind  sight, 
the  deaf  hearing,  and  the  dumb  speech.  He  restored  the 
cripple  and  the  palsied.     He  fed  the  multitude  who  were 

2  Luke  4.  18,  19  (A.  R.  V.).  ^  Matt.  15.  31-46. 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY  5 

himgiy  and  fainting.  His  program  includes  a  social  ideal: 
"Whosoever  will  be  great  among  you,  let  him  be  your  min- 
ister. .  .  .  Even  as  the  Son  of  man  came  not  to  be  minis- 
tered unto,  but  to  minister"   (Matt.  20.  26-28). 

The  primary  mission  of  the  early  church  was  the  perpet- 
uation of  the  life  and  teachings  of  Jesus.  The  many  things 
that  he  taught  about  social  questions  vitally  concern  us  of 
the  present  social  order:  the  Kingdom  of  God,  the  family, 
marriage  and  divorce,  the  state,  the  criminal,  the  rich,  and 
the  poor.  Paul  often  gives  exhortation  not  only  to  pray  and 
preach  but  also  to  remember  that  the  duty  of  Christians 
is  to  labor  and  support  the  weak,  and  to  impart  freely  to 
others. 

2.    The  Modern  Conception 

To  "save"  the  individual  has  rightly  been  and  rightfully 
continues  to  be  the  chief  function  of  the  church,  but  not  the 
only  function.  For,  strictly  speaking,  there  is  no  such 
thing  as  an  individual  at  all.  What  seems  to  be  an  isolated 
personal  entity,  embodying  its  own  individual  attributes 
and  presenting  its  own  individual  problems,  is  in  reality  a 
social  creature,  embodying  social  attributes  and  presenting 
social  problems.* 

The  church  must  recognize  that  social  conditions  affect  | 
the  spiritual  side  of  life,  and  that  spiritual  conditions  affect 
the  social  side  of  life.  It  must  be  awakened  to  the  essential 
wrong  involved  in  a  social  condition  which  dooms  the  mil- 
lions to  hopeless  poverty,  wretchedness  and  sin,  and  to  its 
weakness  and  sinful  neglect  in  remaining  at  ease  so  long 
as  that  social  condition  endures.  It  must  recognize,  too, 
that  poverty  of  mind,  body,  and  spirit  is  not  entirely  due 
to  lack  of  character,  but  is  increasingly  chargeable  to  social 
conditions  over  which  individuals,  however  strong,  exercise 
little  control.  Its  business  is  to  convict  men  of  sin — but  sin, 
not  merely  in  the  individual  lives  of  men  but  in  their  asso- 
ciated life  as  well.    The  church  must  look  back  of  every  in- 

*  Holmes,  The  Revolutionary  Function  of  the  Modem  Church,  p.  38. 


6  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

dividual  for  the  physical,  political,  industrial,  economic, 
and  social  conditions  which  have  very  largely  made  him 
what  he  is. 

The  theory  of  social  conditions  has  received  its  most  au- 
thoritative expression  in  Dr.  Edward  P.  Devine's  remark- 
able book.  Misery  and  Its  Causes.    He  says : 

In  contrast  with  the  idea  that  misery  is  moral  ...  I  wish  to 
present  the  idea  that  it  is  economic,  the  result  of  maladjustment; 
that  defective  personality  is  only  a  halfway  explanation,  which 
itself  results  directly  from  conditions  which  society  may  largely 
control.^ 

If  this  be  so,  how  difficult  it  should  be  for  the  church  men 
to  pray  Sunday  after  Sunday  that  body  and  soul  may  be 
presented  "as  a  living  sacrifice,"  and  at  the  same  time  to 
acquiesce  in  conditions  which  tend  to  degrade  both. 

"If  the  churches  will  assume  their  full  responsibility," 
as  John  M.  Glenn,  Director  of  the  Russell  Sage  Foundation, 
says,  "and  stand  out  boldly  as  champions  of  social  right- 
eousness, they  will  gain  many  more  souls  than  they  will 
lose  members — they  will  increase  their  support,  they  will 
attract  the  strongest  and  most  vigorous  of  our  young  peo- 
ple; and  they  will  immensely  increase  the  spiritual  power 
of  their  communities  .  .  .  Indifference  and  inactivity  con- 
cerning such  things  seem  frightfully  unrighteous  and  un- 
godly."^ "When  a  minister  preaches  about  the  social  life  of 
the  Israelites,  the  Hittites  and  Hivites,"  says  the  Rev. 
Charles  Stelzle,  "his  congregation  listens  to  him  with  great 
interest ;  but  when  he  studies  the  life  of  the  Chicagoites  or 
the  Pittsburgites,  and  preaches  about  it  precisely  the  same 
way  he  would  preach  about  the  Amalekites,  for  instance, 
some  good  brother  will  remind  him  that  he  had  better 
preach  the  plain  gospel.'"''  Dr.  Worth  M.  Tippy  likewise 
says : 


s  Idem,  p.  1 1 . 

8  Glenn,  "The  Church  and  Social  Work,"  Conference  of  Charities  and  Corrections,  Re- 
port 1913,  p.  144. 

7  Stelzle,  "Preparation  of  Ministers  for  Social  Work,"  ibid.,  Report  1911,  p.  234. 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY  7 

Let  any  man  be  thrust  into  the  teeming  center  of  one  of  our 
American  communities  and  the  cry  for  help  reaching  him  from 
every  side  will  force  him  to  translate  his  systematic  theology  into 
terms  of  human  service  and  to  levels  of  the  common  need.  He 
will  be  warned,  however,  in  threadbare  phrase  that  he  must  be  a 
"soul-saver."^ 

3.     The  Modern  Church  in  Social  Action 

The  modern  conception  of  the  church  has  found  active  ex-1 
pression  in  various  social  service  organizations.     Each  one  | 
of  these  organizations  has  already  accomplished  good  work.  | 
Principal  among  these  are  The  Home  Missions  Council,  a 
federation  of  the  general  home  mission  boards,  the  church 
building,  and  the  Sunday  school  and  the  publication  so- 
cieties of  the  Protestant  churches  of  the  United  States ;  the 
Council  of  Women  for  Home  Missions,  a  similar  organiza- 
tion for  the  women's  home  mission  societies;  the  Federal 
Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America,  including 
thirty-two  evangelical  denominations  and  communions  and 
operating  in  the  interest  of  Social  Service  through  ^'The 
Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service"^;  Church 
Social    Service   organizations    affiliated    with    the    Federal 
Council,  principal  among  which  are  The  Presbyterian  Bu- 
reau of  Social  Service,  The  Methodist  Federation  for  Social 
Service,   The   Baptist   Department   of   Social    Service   and 
Brotherhood,  The  Congregational   Social   Service  Commis- 
sion, The  Protestant  Episcopal  Joint  Commission  of  Social 
Service.      Similar   organizations,    not    connected   with   thej 
Federal  Council,  and  yet  very  active,  are :  The  Central  Con- 
ference of  American  Rabbis   (Jewish)  ;  the  Social  Service 
Commission  of  American  Federation  of  Catholic  Societies;  \ 
the  Department  of  Social  Service  and  Public  Service,  of  the   ' 
American  Unitarian  Association;  and  The  Social  Service 
Committee  of  the  Universalist  Church. 


s  Tippy,  The  Socialized  Church,  p.  250. 

9  See,  for  a  comprehensive  exposition  of  the  principles  of  the  Federal  Council,  Ward, 
The  Social  Creed  of  the  Churches,  revised,  1914;  also,  for  a  Complete  Directory  of 
Church  Social  Service  Organizations,  V/ard,  A  Year  Book  of  the  Church  and  Social  Ser- 
vice, pp.  9-12. 


CHAPTER  II 

THE  SOCIAL  TASK  AND  RESPONSIBILITY  OF  THE 

CHURCH 

It  is  absolutely  esseutial  to  have  in  mind  the  purpose  for 
which  we  wish  to  use  facts  in  order  to  deal  intelligently 
with  them  after  they  have  been  gathered.  The  sociological 
aim  in  gathering  any  group  of  statistics  should  be  to  gain 
information  for  the  purpose  of  guiding  social  action — what 
is  known  as  practical  sociology. 

The  field  of  survey  should  be  made  as  comi^rehensive  as 
possible  because  of  the  inter-relationshij)  of  religious,  so- 
cial, and  economic  problems.  No  group  of  community  facts 
can  be  torn  out  of  their  setting  and  studied  apart  from  other 
community  facts  with  which  they  are  undoubtedly  inter- 
twined. Some  facts  may  be  considered  by  themselves,  of 
course,  but  other  facts  quite  likely  should  be  known  accu- 
rately as  well — else  false  conclusions  may  be  drawn.  Often 
we  are  quite  blind  to  the  "heathen"  at  our  doors,  while  we 
marvel  at  the  conditions  that  prevail  in  the  foreign  fields. 

SOME  COMMUNITY  QUESTIONS 

What  are  some  of  tlie  social  and  economic  problems  which 
go  to  make  up  the  social  task  in  your  community?  What 
forces  are  restraining  the  religious  life  of  men,  women,  and 
children  and  thus  challenging  your  church  to  action? 

1.    About  the  Workingman 

The  greatest  challenge  to  your  church  from  the  com- 
munity, perhaps,  is  that  of  its  workingmen.  Why  do  they 
not  come  to  the  church  services?  Is  life  so  severe  that  many 
have  little  time  for  occupying  themselves  with  any  thought 
other  than  how  to  keep  body  and  soul  together?    Do  the 

8 


IN  EELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY  9 

appeals  of  religion  addressed  to  them  fall  on  deaf  ears?  Are 
they  hostile,  or  are  they  too  tired  to  care?  Do  their  strug- 
gles here  exclude  all  thoughts  of  the  hereafter — the  needs  of 
the  body  being  so  clamorous  that  they  cannot  attend  to  the 
demands  of  the  soul?  Your  church  must  understand  the 
economic  life  of  the  people  of  its  community  in  order  to 
reach  them.  The  economic  problems  of  your  community 
should  become  your  religious  problem — for  in  this  world 
a  reasonable  amount  of  the  world's  good  things  is  necessary 
to  spiritual  growth.  Your  church  must  not  only  ask  ques- 
tions about  the  workingman  of  your  community,  but  know 
what  are  the  answers  to  them. 

2.     About  the  Family 

Improper  physical  environment  makes  both  the  religious 
and  the  home  life  practically  impossible.  The  moral  re- 
sponsibility of  the  landlord  is  a  new  thought  on  the  part 
of  society.  We  are  beginning  to  understand  that  what  Jacob 
Riis  once  said  is  true:  "A  man  has  just  as  much  right  to 
kill  another  man  in  the  street  with  an  ax  as  he  has  to  kill 
him  with  a  house."  Is  it  any  business  of  your  church,  let 
us  ask,  if  there  is  in  the  city  or  community  a  housing  con- 
dition that  tends  to  impair  the  physical  and  moral  life  of 
the  tenant ;  a  housing  condition  which  is  unsafe  or  unsan- 
itary, or  in  any  way  unfit  for  living  or  homemaking ;  a  hous- 
ing condition  which  is  as  damaging  to  its  immediate  com- 
munity as  a  pest  house;  a  housing  condition  where  tuber- 
culosis is  fearfully  prevalent,  only  because  of  a  lack  of  pure 
air  and  God's  sunlight,  for  lack  of  pure  water  and  proper 
drainage ;  a  housing  condition  where  young  men  and  women 
and  children  are  herded  together  in  a  single  room  and  lose 
their  sense  of  decency  and  purity — where  if  they  do  not 
actually  become  immoral,  they  tend  to  become  nonmoral? 
If  the  church  preaches  the  necessity  of  purity,  it  should  do 
all  in  its  power  to  abolish  conditions  which  make  purity  al- 
most impossible.     Therefore,  to  know  whether  bad  housing 


10  THE  COMMUNITY  SUllVEY 

conditions  exist  and  how  to  keep  them  from  developing 
should  be  recognized  as  a  part  of  the  responsibility  of  your 
church. 

3.     About  the  Delinquent  and  Dependent 

None  of  the  many  problems  with  which  your  church  must 
be  concerned  is  iudei)endeut  and  unrelated.  Even  crime  has 
relationship  with  i)overty,  housing  and  working  conditions, 
recreational  facilities  and  social  environment.  The  social 
teachings  of  Jesus  included  those  ^'in  prison."  No  church, 
therefore,  that  pretends  to  follow  his  teachings  can  escape 
responsibility  for  considering  the  plight  of  the  prisoner  and 
the  criminal.  To  see  that  chaplains  are  supplied  for  them  is 
about  the  extent  of  the  interest  of  the  church  in  these  un- 
fortunates. 

It  is  not  enough  for  the  church  to  save  the  single  drunkard 
v/hile  it  lets  the  saloon  go  on  making  hundreds  of  more 
drunkards.  But,  in  saying  that  the  "saloon  must  go,"  the 
church  should  provide  some  means  of  satisfaction  for  those 
social  instincts  which  express  themselves  in  the  saloon.  No 
church  in  any  city  can  justly  claim  that  it  has  no  responsi- 
bility for  the  existence  of  both  saloons  and  brothels  which 
boldly  offer  every  inducement  to  the  stranger  within  a  stone's 
throw. 

The  church  must  accept  the  doctrine  that  "poverty  is  due, 
not  to  individual  dejjravity  or  inefficienc}^,  but  to  social  mal- 
adjustment, and  upon  the  basis  of  this  doctrine  it  must  so 
readjust  social  conditions  that  j^overty  will  be  as  impossible 
as  wealth. "1 

The  church  has  always  been  ready  to  help  the  sick  man. 
Does  it  not  follow^  that  it  should  also  be  ready  to  exert  itself 
for  preventing  disease  and  all  other  preventable  things  that 
drive  men  and  women  into  hospitals,  almshouses,  and  grave- 
yards? 

If  your  church  is  to  be  efficient  in  its  task  of  seeking  and 


Holmes,  The  Revolutionary  Function  of  the  Modern  Church,  p.  179. 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY         11 

saving  the  lost  it  must  not  only  know  accurately  the  causes 
of  delinquency  and  dependency  in  its  community,  but  work 
unceasingly  for  their  removal. 

4.    About  the  Young  People 

The  young  people  are  the  margin  with  which  the  church 
has  to  do— the  church  of  to-morrow.  The  church,  therefore, 
can  test  its  efficiency  largely  by  measuring  its  influence  upon 
the  young  people  of  the  community.  We  have  learned  now 
that  in  both  city  and  country  looseness  of  morals  and  a  lack 
of  the  right  kind  of  recreation  go  together ;  and  that,  on  the 
other  hand,  where  there  are  plenty  of  wholesome  amuse- 
ments, moral  standards  are  higher  and  are  less  likely  to  be 
broken  down.^ 

Many  young  women  might  be  asked,  for  instance,  the  fol- 
lowing: Is  the  dance  hall  the  only  recreation  that  you  can 
afford?  What  is  it  that  makes  the  dance  hall  attractive  to 
you?  Do  you  go  to  the  dance  simply  because  of  the  desire 
for  a  change  from  a  dreary  home  life,  shop,  store,  office,  or  fac- 
tory experience?  Is  it  the  only  place  where  you  can  meet 
your  young  men  friends?  Where  do  the  young  men  them- 
selves spend  their  evenings?  The  young  people  of  the  com- 
munity must  have  recreation,  and  it  is  a  responsibility  of 
your  church  to  help  guide  them  in  it. 

The  economic  side,  equally  with  the  social  side,  of  young 
life  throws  a  social  responsibility  upon  the  church.  There- 
fore, it  is  the  responsibility  of  the  church  not  only  to  ask  but 
to  help  answer  questions  like  the  following:  What  are  the 
conditions  of  toil,  especially  for  young  women,  in  your  com- 
munity? What  are  their  opportunities  for  enjoyment,  as 
well  as  for  employment?  Is  there  a  condition  of  labor  that 
reaches,  detrimentally,  the  child  life  of  the  community? 
What  ought  to  be  provided  for  by  the  church  and  what  im- 
provement ought  to  be  demanded  by  the  church  group  along 
the  line  of  child  welfare? 


2  Forbes,  The  Church  at  Work,  Unitarian  Bulletin,  No.  22,  p.  8. 


12  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

5.     About  the  Country  and  the  Country  Church 

Au  exodus  is  on  from  the  country  to  the  town.  What  is 
being  done,  and  what  is  being  neglected  in  your  community 
toward  making  the  country  a  good  idace  to  live  in,  so  that 
the  people  will  be  unwilling  to  give  up  their  homes  and  move 
to  town? 

A  community-serving  church,  on  the  one  hand,  is  the  most 
essential  institution  in  country  life.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  community  church  has  become  decadent  where  it  has 
ceased  to  serve  the  community.  Country  churches  have  long 
been  conducted  on  the  principle  that  ^'human  nature  is  the 
same  everywhere,"  and  "one  country  village  is  like  any 
other."  But  we  are  coming  to  recognize  that  there  should 
be  a  scientific  aijproach  to  our  church  problem  as  well  as  to 
our  soil  problem.  Country  communities  are  not  all  alike — 
far  from  it.  Social,  economic,  moral,  educational,  political, 
personal  conditions  vary  greatly  in  different  localities. 
Churches  miss  their  aim  unless  they  study  minutely  these 
conditions.^ 

By  way  of  diagnosis  the  following  brief  suggestions  are 
offered  to  account  in  part  for  the  serious  difficulty  in  the 
present  situation  of  the  country  church  -^ 

1.  A  depleted  constituency. 

2.  Economic  weakness. 

3.  Lack  of  social  cooperation. 

4.  Wasteful  competition. 

5.  Poor  business  management. 

6.  Moral  ineffectiveness, 

7.  Narrow  vision  of  service. 

8.  Inadequate  leadership. 

The  country  church,  on  the  other  hand,  is  efficient  in 
proportion  as  it  has  developed  the  following  elements  of 
strength  :^ 

1.  A  worthy  constituency. 

2.  Local  prosperity  and  progressive  farming. 


3  Fiske,  The  Challenge  of  the  Country,  p.  202. 

4  Ibid.,  pp.  174-178.  *  Ibid.,  pp.  174-178. 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        13 

3.  Community  socialization. 

4.  A  community-serving  spirit. 

5.  A  broad  vision  of  service  and  program  of  usefulness. 

6.  United  Christian  forces  in  the  community. 

7.  The  new  Christian  statesmanship. 

8.  A  broad  Christian  gospel,  in  place  of  sectarian  preaching. 

9.  A  loyal  country  ministry,  adequately  trained  and  supported. 

10.  A  liberal  financial  policy. 

11.  Adequate  equipment. 

12.  A  masculine  lay  leadership  developed  and  trained. 

13.  A  community  survey  to  discover  resources  and  community 
needs. 

Is  yonr  church,  on  the  whole,  losing  ground  because  of  its 
lack  of  adaptation  in  methods  and  character  of  service  ade- 
quate to  meet  the  needs  of  the  community?  Is  the  country 
life  of  your  community  made  so  attractive  and  so  worth 
while  that  it  is  to  the  advantage  of  its  finest  young  people 
to  invest  their  lives  there?  Is  your  church  doing  all  it  can 
to  break  up  the  monotony  of  laboring  from  before  sunrise 
to  long  after  sunset?  What  is  your  church  doing  toward 
saving  the  young  people,  and  their  homes,  in  large  numbers 
for  the  country  church  and  for  the  country  community  ? 


CHAPTER  III 

COMMUNITY  SURVEYING  AND  EFFICIENCY  OF  THE 

CHURCH 

1.     The  Efficient  Church  :  Its  Elements 

Practical  tests  are  being  applied  to-day  to  every  phase  of 
human  activity.  The  church,  with  all  the  rest  of  life,  must 
accept  its  share  of  this  practical  testing.  A  church  deficit, 
for  instance,  is  supposed  to  mean  the  difference  between 
the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  the  organization;  whereas 
the  true  deficit  is  the  difference  between  the  moral,  social,  and 
religious  influence  the  church  might  exert  in  its  neighbor- 
hood, and  the  influence  it  actually  does  exert. 

If  this  be  so,  the  new  efficiency  tests,  demanded  by  the 
maintaining  public,  might  be  stated  interrogatorily  thus : 

1.  What  definite  and  specific  things  can  be  pointed  to 
that  this  church  is  accomplishing  for  this  neighborhood  ? 

2.  To  what  extent  has  this  church,  as  an  organization, 
cooperated  with  other  social  or  philanthropic  agencies  work- 
ing in  this  city  or  neighborhood? 

3.  Into  how  many  homes,  rich  and  poor,  is  a  train  of 
Christian  influences  being  directed  through  the  work  of  this 
church  ? 

4.  How  many  persons  in  this  neighborhood  are  being 
definitely  influenced  for  Jesus  Christ  and  his  Kingdom? 

5.  What  share  does  this  church  take  in  the  promotion 
of  the  wider  interests  of  the  Kingdom  outside  this  neigh- 
borhood ? 

Efficiency  always  means  "the  securing  of  the  maximum  of 
utility  at  the  minimum  of  cost" — whether  in  the  field  of  eco- 
nomics or  in  the  field  of  social  and  religious  life.  Industrial 
efficiency  has  revolutionized  the  movements  of  men  and 
women  so  that  lost  motion  has  been  practically  eliminated 

14 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        15 

in  many  industries,  while  the  output  has  been  increased 
forty,  eighty,  two  hundred,  and  four  hundred  per  cent. 
Something  corresponding  to  this  must  be  in  the  efficiency 
I^rogram  of  the  church.  Charles  Stelzle  has  well  pointed 
out  the  fact  that  when  a  railroad  company  decides  to  open 
up  a  new  territory,  it  does  not  depend  merely  upon  inspira- 
tion and  enthusiasm — it  sends  out  a  corps  of  engineers  to 
study  soils  and  levels,  a  master  workman  maps  the  entire 
job,  and  in  his  mind's  eye  he  sees  it  complete  before  the  first 
tie  is  laid  or  the  first  spike  driven.^  Something  correspond- 
ing to  this  must  be  in  the  efficiency  program  of  the  church. 

Frederick  W.  Taylor,  who  is  the  leader  in  the  movement 
for  scientific  management,  claims  comparatively  little  in  his 
efficiency  methods  as  absolutely  new.  His  scientific  principles 
might  be  summarized  as  follows  r^ 

1.  A  planning  department  where  the  work  is  laid  out. 

2.  A  scientific  investigation  of  each  piece  of  work  and 
the  determination  of  the  best  method  and  the  shortest  time 
in  which  the  work  can  be  done. 

3.  Keeping  of  exact  records  of  all  work  done. 

4.  The  specialization  of  each  industry — the  selection  of 
particular  workers  for  particular  tasks. 

5.  A  system  of  scientific  training  for  the  workers  under 
expert  teachers. 

6.  A  reward  for  both  teacher  and  pupil  when  the  latter 
is  successful. 

These  are  broad,  scientific  principles  which  are  as  ap- 
plicable to  religious  as  to  economic  efficiency. 

2.     The  Community  Survey 

a.     what  is  a  community  survey? 

No  one  will  dispute  that  in  adopting  a  program  regarding 
any  situation,  knowledge  is  the  first  essential.  This  knowl- 
edge is  not  oi^inion  nor  guesswork,  not  hearsay  nor  second- 

1  Stelzle,  American  Social  and  Religious  Conditions,  p.  202. 

2  See  Frederick  W.  Taylor,  "Scientific  Management,"  series  of  articles  beginning  in 
March,  1911,  American  Magazine. 


V 


16  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

hand  information;  but  knowledge  which,  being  based  upon 
scientific  investigation,  can  lead  one  to  some  accurate  and 
practical  conclusion. 

The  social  forces  are  more  than  skin-deep,  and  are  not 
to  be  determined  upon  by  snap  judgment.  They  must  be 
studied  to  be  known.  Since  each  field  is  a  peculiar  field,  the 
problems  to  be  studied  and  solved  are  always  peculiar.  Not 
only  do  facts  need  to  be  discovered,  but  they  must  be  cor- 
rectly iuterjireted  and  their  meaning  to  the  church  and  com- 
munity must  be  clearly  set  forth. 

The  principle  underlying  the  community  survey  is  two- 
fold: (1)  that  the  life  of  the  community  is  one — religious, 
moral,  social,  recreational,  physical,  and  economic;  (2)  that 
a  knowledge  of  this  life  conditions  the  best  service  to  the 
community.  The  community  survey  is  the  one  means  of 
knowing  a  community — giving  the  church  a  vision  of  its 
task  and  helping  the  church  in  doing  it. 

The  analysis  of  a  field,  therefore,  is  the  initial  step  in 
every  true  church  efficiency  program.  If  bad  social  or  eco- 
nomic conditions  are  to  be  prevented  or  cured,  for  instance, 
information  about  these  conditions  is  i)rerequisite.  This  in- 
formation must  be  had  before  action  can  be  determined 
upon,  either  positively  or  negatively,  and  before  sufficient 
community  interest  and  jiride  can  be  aroused  to  stand  back 
of  a  concerted  effort  toward  social  or  industrial  betterment. 

B.      THE   NEED  OP  A  COMMUNITY   SURVEY 

The  following  paragraphs  express  in  a  very  concise  way 
the  need  of  community  surveys. 

Professor  Edwin  L.  Earp,  of  Drew  Theological  Seminary : 

We  must  get  the  facts  before  the  people  in  an  intelligent  way.  .  .  . 
We  must  insist  upon  intelligent  social  diagnosis  before  applying 
our  social  remedies.^ 

The  Eev.  Charles  Stelzle,  former  superintendent  of  The 
Bureau  of  Social  Service  of  the  Presbyterian  Church : 

3  Earp,  The  Social  Engineer,  p.  294. 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY         17 

A  comprehensive  survey  should  be  made  by  each  local  church  of 
its  own  community,  the  study  to  be  engaged  in  by  the  men  in  each 
church.* 

Hon.  Gifford  Pincliot,  Former  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of 
Forestry : 

Knowledge  of  the  facts  must  precede  knowledge  of  the  best  way 
to  meet  them.  No  investigation  of  the  facts  of  rural  life  could  be 
complete  without  a  knowledge  of  the  country  church.^ 

Dr.  Frank  M.  North,  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Church 
and  Social  Service,  The  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of 
Christ  in  America : 

We  recommend  that  Church  Federations  make  immediate  surveys 
of  their  communities  and  adopt  the  plans  of  this  Commission  and 
the  constituent  bodies  for  a  Social  Evangelism.*' 

The  Rev.  George  F.  Wells,  director  of  the  rural  section 
of  the  Methodist  Federation  for  Social  Service : 

It  is  needless  to  say  that  it  is  an  absolute  impossibility  for  a 
country  pastor  or  a  country  church  to  do  efficient  work  without 
accurate,  and  we  may  say,  sociologically  valid  information  con- 
ccerning  the  field  of  service.^ 

Paul  W.  Kellogg,  of  the  Russell  Sage  Foundation : 

The  more  immediate  aspect  of  the  movement  presents  itself  in 
the  fact  that  in  nearly  every  city  in  which  the  Men  and  Religion 
Forward  Movement  teams  have  set  forth  a  social  program,  one  of 
the  planks  in  that  program  has  been  to  recommend  a  social  survey.^ 

Henry  Israel,  of  the  International  Y.  M.  C.  A. : 

A  survey  of  a  parish  should  be  undertaken  by  every  candidate 
for  the  ministry  before  he  is  turned  loose  to  practice  upon  a 
parish.  .  .  .  The  making  of  a  survey  would  not  be  so  very  unlike, 
in  educational  principle,  to  the  dissecting  of  a  cadaver  in  a  medical 
school.^ 


■*  Stelzle,  American  Social  and  Religious  Conditions,  p.  205. 

5  C.  C.  Gill  and  Gififord  Pinchot,  The  Country  Church,  p.  5. 

"  Federal  Council  of  Churches  of  Christ  in  America.      (Program  and  Reports,  1912, 
p.  24  i). 

7  Wells,  A  Social  Survey  for  Rural  Communities,  p.  5.  - 

*  Kellogg,  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Political  Science,  vol.  ii,  4  (July,  1912),  p.  1. 

8  Israel,  Country  Church  and  Country  Cooperation,  p.  113.  \^ 


18  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

Prof.  L.  H.  Bailey  of  Cornell  University : 

The  scientific  method  must  prevail.  .  .  .  We  must  finally  found 
all  our  progress  in  rural  life  on  a  close  study  of  the  facts  and  the 
real  elements  in  the  situation,  in  order  that  we  may  know  exactly 
what  we  are  talking  about.^*' 

C.       THE    VALUE    OF    COMMUNITY    SURVEYS 

Accurate  religious  knowledge  about  the  community  is  the 
first  essential  in  a  church  efficiency  program,  because  the 
primary  function  of  the  church  is  spiritual.  A  community 
survey  assists  the  church  in  carrying  out  this  function,  by 
removing  the  first  difficulty  with  which  every  experienced 
pastor  is  almost  sure  to  meet  when  he  undertakes  to  direct 
his  church  in  any  aggressive  service,  social  or  evangelistic. 
That  difficulty  is  the  determination  of  his  constituency.  A 
community  survey  meets  this  by  giving  the  pastor  an  accu- 
rate record  of  those  to  whom  his  church  has  a  right  and  an 
opportunity  to  minister.  When  the  survey  is  scientifically 
correct  and  is  followed  up  by  systematic  and  continuous 
effort,  it  will  be  of  permanent  value.  Cases  of  real  need,  both 
temporal  and  spiritual,  are  brought  to  light;  undeposited 
certificates  of  church  membership  will  be  found  and  many 
new  church  and  Sunday  school  homes  will  be  established. 

The  value  of  community  surveys  is  further  evidenced  by 
the  services  they  may  render  in  the  following  particulars : 

1.  They  will  reveal,  in  an  old  field,  whether  or  not  the 
field  is  a  losing  or  paying  proposition  from  the  standpoint 
of  the  Kingdom,  by  showing  the  numerical  trend  of  the 
church  work,  especially  as  to  church  membership  and  Sun- 
day school  enrollment,  and  its  financial  trend,  especially  as 
to  pastoral  support,  net  property  valuation,  benevolent  of- 
ferings, and  missionary  assistance,  if  any. 

2.  They  will  point  out,  on  the  one  hand,  the  lines  along 
which  a  field,  if  a  losing  field,  might  be  redeemed ;  and  on  the 
other,  if  a  winning  field,  they  will  point  out  the  lines  along 
which  run  its  greatest  possibilities.    In  each  case,  they  serve 

10  Bailey,  Survey  Idea  in  Country  Life  Work,  Training  Conference  for  Rural  Leaders' 
Address,  p.  1. 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        19 

as  an  incentive  to  financial  supporters,  especially  in  mission- 
ar}^  territory. 

3.  They  will  assist  in  determining  to  what  extent  a  mis- 
sionary field  is  worthy  of  missionary  support. 

4.  They  will  reveal  the  logical  location  for  new  church 
buildings;  and  whether  or  not  a  new  church  building  project 
should  be  undertaken  at  all  in  a  particular  community. 

5.  They  will  show  whether  a  consolidation  of  church 
fields  would  be  wise  and  feasible  or  a  division  of  the  field 
would  be  practicable  and  profitable. 

6.  They  will  discover  whether  or  not  there  is  an  over- 
zealousness  between  Protestant  denominations  in  emphasiz- 
ing denominational  lines,  as  is  sometimes  expressed  in  the 
multiplicity  of  church  building — whether  or  not  there  has 
been  the  absence  of  foresight  or  vision  of  the  trend  of  church 
opportunity,  and  the  consequent  misplacement  of  effort  for 
the  larger  results  in  the  work  of  the  Kingdom. 

A  striking  example  of  an  overemphasis  of  denominational 
lines,  one  out  of  many  which  could  be  cited,  is  that  taken 
from  a  report  of  Dr.  A.  H.  Collins,  of  the  Des  Moines  Annual 
Conference,  in  his  studies  in  the  rural  community  of  the 
Creston  District,  embracing  a  territory  of  3,000  square  miles 
and  100,000  population.  In  this  territory  there  are  at  pres- 
ent 279  churches  of  the  Protestant  denominations,  one  for 
every  360  people.  Sixty-two  of  these  have  discontinued,  in 
recent  years,  either  through  the  lack  of  the  support  of  a 
minister  or  by  voluntary  union  with  other  churches.  Eighty- 
seven  of  the  remaining  217  are  Methodist.  This  advantage 
of  Methodism  in  holding  the  field  has  been  attributed  to  the 
usefulness  of  the  local  preachers.^^ 

Accurate  knowledge  of  social  and  economic  community 
conditions  is  also  necessary  for  efficient  church  work.  A 
community  survey  will  reveal  the  social  needs  of  the  neigh- 
borhood and  will  point  out  those  which  might  be  met,  directly 
and  indirectly,   through   church   channels.     A   survey   will 


11  See  "A  Valuable  Study  in  Rural  Religion,"  Central  Christian  Advocate,  November 
24,  1909,  p.  6. 


20  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

also  show  whether  or  not  the  social  needs  of  a  community 
are  met,  and  how  they  are  met — whether  by  public,  quasi 
public,  or  commercialized  agencies.  It  will  discover  the  so- 
cial forces  which  tend  to  build  up,  and  those  that  tend  to 
break  down,  the  community  life.  It  will  also  show  whether 
or  not  the  economic  life  of  the  community  is  a  barrier  to  the 
religious  life.  It  will  do  much  to  awaken  and  inform  the 
consciences  of  those  who  should  be  concerned  over  local  con- 
ditions. 

Incidentally,  a  community  survey  is  valuable  in  giving 
training  and  imparting  social  vision  to  those  who  participate 
in  it,  and  also  in  tending  to  utilize  the  dreams  of  better 
things  by  showing  a  definite  xerogram  to  well-wishers  of 
every  community. 


CHAPTER  IV 

THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY  AND  DEMONSTRATIONS 
OF  EFFICIENCY 

Most  active  among  the  various  church  social  service  or- 
ganizations affiliated  with  The  Federal  Council  of  Churches 
is  The  Bureau  of  Social  Service  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
in  the  U.  S.  A.  The  function  of  this  bureau  is  "to  study  so- 
cial conditions  as  they  are  related  to  the  progress  of  the 
Kingdom  of  God,  and  to  suggest  to  the  Church  practical 
ways  of  realizing  the  social  ideals  of  the  Gospel."^ 

One  of  the  strongest  features  of  the  work  of  this  Bureau 
is  its  survey  department,  which  not  only  investigates  condi- 
tions, but  makes  specific  recommendations  with  regard  to 
methods  needed  to  meet  these  conditions.  In  studying 
methods  of  church  efficiency  it  has  carried  on  investigations 
in  nearly  one  hundred  cities  and  in  thousands  of  churches. 
It  has  made  surveys  of  some  of  the  largest  cities  of  the  coun- 
try and  of  entire  States. 

Another  Social  Service  Agency  by  the  same  denomination 
is  that  of  the  Department  of  Church  and  Country  Life, 
which  limits  its  field  to  communities  of  less  than  2,500  pop- 
ulation.   The  Department  is  engaged  especially  in  behalf  of  ' 
the  country  church.    The  initial  work  is  investigation.    This  i 
is  done  under  methods  proposed  by  the  universities,  partic- 1 
ularly  Columbia  and  Chicago  Universities.    The  field  work- 
ers are  college  and  generally  seminary  graduates,  selected  j' 
for  their  preparation  in  the  social  sciences  and  their  willing- 1 
ness  to  work  under  precise  supervision  in  a  regular  scientific 
plan.     The  workers  investigate  country  neighborhoods  and 
record  the  social  forces,  institutions,  tendencies,  classes,  in- 
comes, and,  so  far  as  possible,  the  possibilities  and  progress. 

1  Home  Missions  Council,  A  Record  of  Development  and  Progress,  p.  6ff. 

21 


22  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

1.     Particular  Examples  of  Church  Efficiency 

fourth  presbyterian  church  of  chicago 

There  was  a  practical  deDionstration  of  the  work  of  the 
Presbj'terian  Bureau  of  Social  Service  in  1912,  when  it  sur- 
veyed the  neighborhood  of  the  Fourth  Presbyterian  Church 
of  Chicago.  The  Bureau  submitted  a  comprehensive  report 
containing  the  important  facts  and  statistics  with  reference 
to  the  conditions  in  its  field. ^  This  church  is  located  in  the 
midst  of  one  of  the  most  j^erplexing  city  fields  in  the  United 
States,  where  ninety  saloons  are  battling  against  five 
churches,  and  the  saloons  are  among  the  most  demoralizing 
in  Chicago.  There  has  been  recently  erected  a  magnificent 
plant,  which  cost  nearly  |700,000.  AYhen  the  present  pastor, 
the  Rev.  John  Timothy  Stone,  was  called  from  Baltimore 
to  become  the  pastor  of  this  church,  he  was  frankly  told  by 
his  friends  that  he  could  not  build  up  a  religious  enterprise 
in  this  district.  He  has  amply  demonstrated  the  fallacy  of 
this  prediction.  Fourth  Church  is  crowded  at  every  preach- 
ing service,  and  the  unusual  thing  about  it  is  that  there  are 
hundreds  of  people  upon  a  "waiting  list"  who  are  eager  to 
become  members  of  the  church.  The  secret  is  that  the  field 
has  been  surveyed,  its  needs  presented,  and  loyally  met — 
while  the  "folks"  have  been  located  and  touched  with  a  social 
gospel.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Stone  reports  as  follows  concerning 
the  results  of  this  surve}^  in  his  church  neighborhood : 

Many  of  the  conditions  which  we  supposed  we  understood  thor- 
oughly, the  survey  has  proven  false,  whereas  many  more  we  esti- 
mated to  be  correct  have  been  verified.  The  survey  has  opened  the 
way  for  an  immense  amount  of  additional  activity  among  our  church 
members  and  organized  forces.  Thousands  of  names  of  those  who 
are  partially  interested  have  been  given  to  us,  and  can  be  visited. 
Hundreds  of  names  have  come  to  us  of  those  who  have  expressed 
a  preference  for  our  denomination,  a  large  share  of  whom  we  did 
not  know.  The  value  of  such  a  survey  is  not  only  in  the  gathering 
of  these  facts,  and  in  the  enlightenment  which  results,  .but  in  the 
"follow-up"  work.^ 


2  St.  John,  G.  B.    A  Modern  Church  to  Meet  a  Modern  Situation,  p.  Iff.     (Pamphlet.) 
^    3  Stone,  "Value  of  Church  Community  Survey,"  Survey,  XXIX,  879  (Mar.  22.  '13).    j 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        23 

OHIO  COUNTRY  AND  VILLAGE  CHURCHES 

A  practical  demonstration  of  the  work  of  the  Presbyterian 
Department  of  Church  and  Country  Life  was  made  during 
the  summer  of  1912.  Nineteen  counties  of  Ohio  were  sur- 
veyed and  a  study  was  made  of  1,515  country  and  village 
churches.*  Of  these  churches,  slightly  less  than  one  third 
were  found  to  be  growing,  while  the  rest  were  either  stand- 
ing still  or  losing  ground.  There  was  an  average  of  ten 
abandoned  churches  to  each  county,  making  something  like 
800  in  the  entire  State. 

There  are  causes  of  this  decline  outside  of  the  church. 
But  one  of  the  inside  reasons  for  the  decline  of  the  country 
church,  as  the  surveys  revealed,  was  the  lack  of  ministers 
who  serve  only  one  church  each.  As  a  result  of  the  findings 
of  these  Ohio  Rural  Life  Surveys,  an  effort  is  being  made 
in  a  district  of  a  certain  denomination  to  raise  the  salaries 
of  all  country  ministers  to  a  minimum  of  |1,000.  Every 
member  of  the  church  in  that  district  has  been  asked  to  con- 
tribute the  proceeds  of  one  day's  work  toward  this  raise. 

WOOLLEY    MEMORIAL    METHODIST    EPISCOPAL    CHURCH_,    CHICAGO 

Another  typical  example  where  the  great  value  of  a  com- 
munity survey  has  been  demonstrated  is  that  of  the  Woolley 
Memorial  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  of  Chicago.  "The 
proof  was  witnessed  yesterday,"  recently  reported  a  Chicago 
paper,  "when  140  new  members  were  received  into  the  Wool- 
ley  Memorial  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  at  Fifty-sixth 
Street  and  Indiana  Avenue,  as  the  result  of  a  month's  cam- 
paign conducted  by  the  pastor,  the  Rev.  Charles  A.  Kelley, 
assisted  by  a  campaign  committee." 

Dr.  Kelley,  the  pastor,  and  his  assistants  used  a  series  of 
five  cards,  named  repectively  the  "worker's"  card,  the  "pros- 
pect's" card,  the  "nonchurch  member"  card,  the  "member  of 
some  other  church"  card,  and  the  "Sunday  school  informa- 
tion" card. 


4  Fulton,  "The  Survey  for  Evangelism,"  The  Church  and  Country  Life.     (Presbyterian 
Magazine,  Special  Number.) 


24  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

Sixty  signed  the  "worker's  cards."  Every  forenoon  was 
spent  by  the  pastor  and  his  personal  workers  in  the  clerical 
work  of  indexing  the  cards  and  in  Avriting  letters  to  "pros- 
pects," and  the  afternoons  were  spent  in  making  personal 
calls.  The  pastor,  besides  doing  personal  work,  conducted  a 
religious  service  every  evening  at  the  church. 

THE  FIRST  METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH,  LA  JUNTA,  COLORADO 

The  Rev.  Howard  Goldie,  pastor  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church  in  La  Junta,  Colorado,  reports  prospective  results 
of  a  recent  community  religious  census  in  that  field  as 
follows : 

This  charge  now  has  the  names  of  1,200  men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren with  street  address  and  occupation,  church,  Sunday  school, 
Ladies'  Aid,  Brotherhood,  Epworth  League,  Missionary  Society,  re- 
lationship or  lack  of  relationship,  together  with  the  age  and  grade 
in  school  of  all  children,  to  aid  in  placing  them  in  proper  grade 
in  Sunday  school.  .  .  .  We  discovered  112  new  names  for  current 
expenses  and  the  new  church  project.  ...  I  am  now  working  on 
a  list  of  95  names  of  folks  who  are  among  us  and  hold  church 
letters  elsewhere,  the  information  of  which  came  to  me  through 
the  census.  A  working  committee  of  the  Ladies'  Aid  Society,  already 
having  175  members,  came  in  and  after  careful  compilation  went 
away  with  185  new  names  to  call  on  and  solicit  for  membership. 
They  are  already  looking  for  a  total  membership  of  250  and  will 
reach-  it  in  a  few  weeks.  .  .  .  The  Brotherhood  committee  found 
175  names  of  men  not  associated,  and  with  their  cards  filled  out 
are  out  in  the  field  calling  on  the  last  man  for  whom  the  church  is 
respansible.  .  .  .  The  Epworth  League  and  Sunday  school  cam- 
paigns are  moving  on  the  same  definite  and  positive  lines  of  action 
with  as  definite  results  coming.  The  aggregate  will  be  the  most 
intense  and  parish-wide  activity  the  church  has  felt.' 

THE   EMMANUEL   METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH,   LINCOLN, 
NEBRASKA 

During  the  summer  of  1911,  the  writer  made  a  study  of 
the  Emmanuel  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  neighborhood, 
Lincoln,  Nebraska.  The  findings  were  mapped,  charted,  and 
published. 

s  Goldie,  Howard.  "Efficiency  by  Practice,"  Central  Christian  Advocate,  April  22, 
1914. 


IN  KELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        25 

Through  the  interest  of  the  Resideut  Bishop  John  L. 
Nuelsen,  who  visited  the  field  and  studied  the  findings,  the 
needs  and  opportunities  of  the  charge  were  resi^onded  to 
generously  by  the  Board  of  Home  Missions  and  Church  Ex- 
tension. The  exhibits  were  also  presented  before  the  Lincoln 
City  Evangelization  Union  and  an  additional  liberal  re- 
sponse was  made.  This  organization  had  repeatedly  refused 
any  assistance  to  this  church  for  such  an  enterprise.  In 
explanation  of  this  final  action,  one  of  the  Union  officers 
said,  "Of  course  we'll  get  under  ^a  proposition  that  looks 
like  that." 

Now  a  beautiful  semi-library  styled  edifice,  with  a  seating 
capacity  for  500  and  valued  between  |16,000  and  |20,000, 
has  replaced  an  old  frame  tabernacle  building.  A  new  and 
better  location  was  determined  upon  by  the  findings  of  the 
survey.  New  members  were  attracted  into  the  membership 
and  the  pastor  more  materially  and  comfortably  provided 
for. 

CITY    MISSIONS    AND    CHURCHES,    DENVER^    COLORADO 

The  author's  personal  exj)erience  in  Denver  along  mem- 
bership lines  alone  for  the  past  several  months  has  been  to 
receive  upward  of  150  new  members,  nearly  all  of  whom  were 
first  located  through  the  community  survey  and  then  fol- 
lowed up  with  a  personal  touch  by  pastor  and  church  vis- 
itors. The  Sundays  when  no  one  is  received  into  the  mem- 
bership will  hardly  average  one  a  month  during  a  Confer- 
ence year.  , 

Careful  survey  work  was  proved  invaluable  in  connection  j  *  jp^ 
with  the  recent  "Billy  Sunday  Campaign"  in  Denver.  Dur- 
ing the  meetings,  on  account  of  the  homes  of  the  community, 
being  known,  many  were  brought  into  personal  touch  with^ 
the  meetings  who  otherwise,  it  is  very  likely,  would  not 
have  been.  After  the  meetings,  instead  of  depending  on 
"cards"  received  for  follow-up  work,  several  times  the 
amount  of  information  was  already  at  hand  and  was  utilized 
with  corresponding  larger  results.     The  best  part  of  it  is 


26  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

that  still  there  is  information  to  be  utilized  for  further  re- 
sults. 

2.     Special  Ways  of  Utilizing  Survey  Results 

The  utilization  of  the  results  of  a  community  survey  are 
much  larger,  however,  than  the  mere  recruiting  of  member- 
ship. The  following  other  definite  results  have  been  obtained 
from  surveys  which  the  author  has  personally  directed. 

First.  A  survey  was  conducted  for  the  purpose  of  deter- 
mining which  denomination  of  several  was  logically  enti- 
tled to  enter,  and  where  it  should  enter,  a  growing  com- 
munity so  as  to  avoid  overcrowding.  This  the  survey  suc- 
cessfully accomplished.  The  results  of  the  survey  were  also 
followed  up  by  plans  for  the  consolidation  of  two  Methodist 
churches ;  and,  at  the  same  time,  revealed  the  fact  of  serious 
blunders  having  been  made  on  the  part  of  each  church  in 
not  having  seen  the  approaching  need  of  such  consolidation 
several  years  before. 

Second.  Another  survey  was  made  in  a  downtown  mis- 
sion field  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  logical  solu- 
tions of  several  complex  problems.  The  survey  showed  facts 
which  revealed,  on  the  whole,  a  sad  waste  of  material  outlay 
and  needless  duplication  of  religious  effort.  It  was  shown 
that  (1)  both  the  church  membership  and  the  Sunday 
school  enrollment  had  gradually  declined'  during  the  past 
decade;  and,  that  the  church  membership  was  only  15%  of 
the  membership  ten  years  before.  (2)  That  the  self-support 
was  only  35%  of  what  it  was  ten  years  previously  while  the 
net  property  valuation  had  declined  to  35%  and  the  mis- 
sionary assistance  commencing  five  years  before  at  |50  had 
increased  700%  ;  (3)  The  actual  mission  territory  was  being 
contracted  by  business  expansion  into  the  territory,  a  slow 
Jewish  influx  and  an  apparent  Catholic  colonization.  (4) 
The  church  was  located  at  the  door  of  a  public  park  and 
playground  where  might  be  enjoyed  the  privilege  of  a  well- 
equipped  gymnasium,  bath,  swimming  pool,  sewing  classes, 
and  branch  public  library,  and  that  two  Catholic  churches 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        27 

in  the  community  had  various  institutional  features  to  their 
work — facts  which  made  some  institutional  proposals  in 
connection  with  this  church  look  futile.  (5)  That  there  was 
apparently  little  hope  of  uniting  this  church  to  an  adjoining 
mission — which  had  also  been  proposed — because  of  at  least 
six  definite  social  reasons,  which  were  set  in  direct  con- 
trast, one  to  the  other.  (6)  That  this  church  was  one  of 
fifteen  Protestant  churches  within  a  radius  of  one  mile  and 
one  of  ten  Protestant  within  one  half  mile  radius,  all  of 
which  held  English  services — at  least,  a  portion  of  the  time 
— and  a  majority  of  which  were  receiving  missionary  sup- 
port; (7)  That  the  Catholics  of  the  community  desired  to 
purchase  this  church  property  for  a  parochial  school. 

Third.  A  study  to  determine  whether  or  not  a  certain 
Mission  Church  should  be  reopened  or  abandoned  resulted 
in  a  "For  Sale"  sign  being  posted  on  the  building.  The 
survey  showed  (1)  That  the  field  was  being  amply  provided 
for  by  three  sister  denominations  already  established  and 
actively  engaged  in  the  mission  territory.  (2)  That  the 
change  of  the  work  of  one  neighborhood  church  from  Ger- 
man to  English  services  during  the  previous  year  had,  in 
effect,  been  equivalent  to  the  entering  into  the  territory  of 
a  new  English  denomination.  (3)  That  $1,425  annually  was 
being  expended  by  home  mission  boards  in  the  territory 
claimed  by  each  denomination  on  the  field — three  denomina- 
tions in  addition  to  this  one.  (4)  That  this  mission,  ap- 
parently, had  always  served  as  an  unnecessary  factor  in  the 
religious  life  of  that  community.  (5)  That  this  mission 
property  was  still  under  several  hundred  dollars  of  indebt- 
edness, while  the  outlook  for  the  work  did  not  seem  to  war- 
rant putting  more  money  into  it. 

Fourth.  Another  survey  was  made  in  the  territory  of  a 
church  which  was  forced  to  relocate.  This  was  for  the  pur- 
pose of  determining  upon  a  new  location  and  for  discovering 
whatever  opportunities  the  field  afforded  for  institutional 
service.  One  of  the  most  valuable  results  of  this  survey  was 
the  assurance  brought  to  those  interested  in  the  work  of  the 


28  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

splendid  opportunities  of  the  field,  together  with  the  encour- 
agement lent  financial  supporters  toward  offering  liberally 
of  their  material  assistance. 

There  will  be  found  in  Appendix  B  a  city  religious  and 
sociological  schedule.  It  is  too  comprehensive  in  its  social 
scope  for  the  local  church  community  survey.  The  schedule, 
however,  is  very  suggestive,  and  can  be  abbreviated  so  as  to 
meet  the  needs  of  any  community,  wherever  more  than  a 
house-to-house  canvass  is  contemplated.  Sections  of  the 
schedule  should  be  assigned  to  different  persons,  or  groups, 
and  each  made  responsible  for  a  satisfactory  report  upon 
the  respective  parts. 

The  following  is  a  convenient  list  of  Social  Service  sources 
for  current  information  ui)on  subjects  of  general  community 
interest : 

Sources:   Current  Information 

American  Association  of  Societies  for  Organizing  Charity.  Gen- 
eral Secretary,  Francis  H.  McLean,  105  E.  22d  St.,  New  York  City. 
(To  promote  the  extension  and  development  of  Organized  Charity 
and  of  Community  cooperation  in  Social  Programs  in  the  United 
States.) 

American  Institute  of  Social  Service.  Studies  in  Social  Chris- 
tianity. President,  Dr.  Josiah  Strong,  82  Bible  House,  New  York 
City.  Publishes  monthly  for  classes  and  individuals,  The  Gospel 
of  the  Kingdom. 

Baptist  Department  of  Social  Service  and  Brotherhood  of  the 
Northern  Baptist  Convention.  Secretary,  Rev.  Samuel  Z.  Batten, 
1701-1703  Chestnut  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  (Free  Literature;  Study 
Courses;   Various  Publications.) 

Congregational  Social  Service  Commission.  Secretary,  Rev.  Henry 
A.  Atkinson,  14  Beacon  St.,  Boston,  Mass.  (Literature  Free;  Corre- 
spondence  Course;    Various   Publications.) 

Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America.  Commis- 
sion on  Church  and  Social  Service.  Secretary,  Rev.  Charles  S. 
Macfarland,  105  E.  22d  St.,  New  York  City.  (Gives  full  informa- 
tion regarding  social  movements  in  all  the  Churches;  Various  Publi- 
cations.) 

Methodist  Federation  for  Social  Service.  Secretary,  Rev.  Harry 
F.  Ward,  2512  Park  Place,  Evanston,  111.  (Literature,  Bureau  of 
Information,  Speakers  Bureau,  Reading  and  Study  Course.) 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        29 

Presbyterian  Board  of  Home  Missions.  Bureau  of  Social  Service. 
Secretary,  J.  B.  McAfee,  156  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York  City.  (Litera- 
ture Free;   Correspondence  Course;  Various  Publications.) 

Department   of  Church,  and   Country   Life.      Superintendent, 
Rev.  Warren  H.  Wilson.     (General  Rural  Surveys  in  Maryland, 
Pennsylvania,   Tennessee,  Indiana,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Minne- 
sota, besides  Various  Special  Ohio  Rural  Life  Surveys.) 
Protestant  Episcopal  Joint  Commission  on  Social  Service.     Field 
Secretary,  Rev.  F.  M.  Crouch,  Church  Mission  House,  281  Fourth 
Ave.,  New  York  City.     (Various  Publications.) 

Russell  Sage  Foundation  (Numerous  Departments),  Charity  Or- 
ganization Department.  Director,  Mary  E.  Richmond,  128  E.  22d 
St.,  New  York  City.  (To  study,  teach,  and  publish  in  the  Charity 
Organization  Field,  Pamphlets  on  Family  Treatment,  Community 
Study,  Relief,  Transformation,  etc.,  sent  free.  Publishes  Monthly, 
Charity  Organization  Bulletin.) 

Department  of  Child  Helping.  (Correspondence,  Printed 
Matter  for  Children,  Child  Playing,  Infant  Mortality,  Care  of 
Crippled  Children,  Juvenile  Courts,  etc.) 

Department  of  Survey  and  Exhibits.      (A  national  Clearing 
House  for  Advice  and  Information  on  Social  Surveys  and  Ex- 
hibits and  Field  Assistance  in  organizing  Surveys  and  Exhibits.) 
Unitarian  Department  of  Social  and  Public  Service.     The  Ameri- 
can Unitarian  Association.     Secretary,  Elmer  S.  Forbes,  25  Beacon 
St.,  Boston,  Mass.     (Reports  and  Bulletins  free.) 


PART  II 
THE  MAKING  OF  A  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 


CHAPTER  I 

ORGANIZATION  FOR  A  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

A  COMMUNITY  survey,  whether  simple  or  comprehensive, 
should  be  conducted  by  scientific  methods.  The  following 
is  the  natural  order  of  procedure : 

1.  Systematic  organization. 

2.  Scientific  investigation  and  gathering  of  information. 

3.  Accurate  classification  and  tabulation  of  the  material 
gathered. 

4.  Graphic  demonstration  and  interpretation  of  the  prin- 
cipal facts  revealed. 

5.  Conservation  of  the  results  of  the  survey. 

6.  Recommendations  as  to  the  most  logical  solution  to 
the  church  and  community  problems  as  presented  by  the 
survey. 

1.     Organization  Tree  op  a  City  Community  Survey 

The  following  "organization  tree"  shows  in  a  graphic  way 
the  plan  of  organization  of  a  comprehensive  city  community 
survey.  Simpler  organizations  are  represented  by  branch 
and  by  branches  of  this  tree.  It  is  constructed  practically 
upon  a  political  campaign  basis,  or  on  the  same  general 
plan  as  is  used  in  the  endowment  camj)aigns  for  educational 
institutions. 

2.     The  Auspices  op  a  Community  Survey 

The  different  auspices  under  which  a  community  survey 
may  be  taken,  as  shown  by  the  accompanying  chart,  are  as 
follows : 

1.  By  the  pastor  of  the  church  as  the  only  canvasser — 
who  does  the  field  work  alone  (plan  represented  by  i  on  the 
chart). 

33 


11 


CHART  I 

Organization  Tree  of  a  City  Community  Survey 


CHURCH 
SOLICITORS 

<? 

CHURCH      CHURCH 
r'CANVASSEf^    CHAIR flAN 

SPEClM 
COMmT[[S 

(T)        (T) 

,     S^      ^,    .  .       . 

DISTRICT 
CHAIRMAN 

CHURCH 
CAPTAINS 

DENOMINATIONAl 
CHAIR  HAN 

MEf^BERS   or 
COMMITTEE 

CHAIRMAN 
ADVISORY 
COMMITTEE 

SPECIAL 

EXECUTIVE 

COMMITTEE 

@    0  ^   ^^ 

5:                   <-'^               J_ 

i        5       1         5t 

t      1     ii    £i 

\    g    ^§   ^s 

i     5    5     i 
1     1    a     1 



ADVISORY 
COMMITTEE: 
A  MEMBER   FROM 
EACH    DENOMINATION 

^ 

€, 

GENERAL 
SUPERINTENDENT 

(^ 

GENERAL 
EXECUTIVE 
COMMITTEE 

(  5 ) 

vJ 

Cil/lC 

WELFARE 

ORQAmZAT\0\\S 

DENVER  (MINISTERIAL  AiUAHCE 

1                              1 

Denver  C/ty    Ytficvoiion  (^i' Or^amzauons) 

34 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        85 

2.  By  the  pastor  of  the  church  who  does  the  field  work 
with  the  assistance  of  personal  workers:  one  of  several 
canvassers,  over  whom  he  acts  as  captain  (represented  by  2). 

3.  By  the  pastors  of  the  churches  in  a  community  co- 
operating in  the  field  work,  one  of  whom  acts  as  general 
chairman  (represented  by  ^). 

4.  By  the  pastors  of  a  city  cooperating  in  interdenomina- 
tional field  work,  organized  under  the  direction  of  a  general 
suj)erin  ten  dent  (represented  by  ^). 

5.  By  the  civic  welfare  agencies  cooperating  with  the 
ministerial  body — where  a  city  is  organized  under  the  di- 
rection of  a  joint  executive  committee  and  subcommittees 
(represented  by  5). 

3.     The  Division  op  Labor  in  a  Community  Survey 

The  work  of  a  community  survey  may  properly  be  divided 
up  among  members  of  the  organization  as  follows: 

a.  The  Ministerial  Alliance. 

(1)  Start  the  survey  by  presenting  its  purpose  and 
plans. 

(2)  Authorize  the  Executive  Committee  to  proceed  with 
an  organization. 

b.  The  Executive  Committee. 

(1)  Proceed  to  select  an  interested  and  capable  general 
superintendent,  members  of  the  advisory  committee,  and 
chairmen  of  the  District,  Canvassers,  Finance,  and  Publicity 
Committees.  The  chairmen  of  these  five  committees  and 
the  general  superintendent  compose  a  special  executive  com- 
mittee during  the  taking  of  the  surve}^ 

(2)  Divide  up  the  territory  into  districts  according  to 
ward,  school  district,  or  arbitraiy  lines  according  to  limits 
of  ministration. 

c.  The  Advisory  Committee,  consisting  of  one  member 
from  each  cooperating  denomination  or  organization,  ad- 
vises on  all  matters  of  detail.    Important  details  are: 

(1)  Scope  of  the  survey — whether  religious  only  or  re- 
ligious and  sociological. 


36  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

(2)  Method  of  gathering  iuformation. 

(3)  Form  of  schedules. 

(4)  Plan  for  presentation  of  final  report. 

d.  District  Committee,  a  chairman  for  each  district  into 
which  the  field  is  divided. 

(1)  To  direct  the  gathering  of  information. 

(2)  To  assign  canvassers  to  the  respective  sections. 

(3)  To  diagram  on  section  envelopes,  which  should  be 
provided  the  canvassers,  each  canvasser's  territory. 

(4)  To  direct  the  classification  of  the  material  gathered 
and  turn  it  over  to  the  general  chairman,  and  he  in  turn  to 
the  general  superintendent. 

e.  The  Canvasser's  Committee,  consisting  of  one  person 
from  each  participating  church. 

(1)  To  select  the  required  number  of  canvassers. 

(2)  To  check  up  until  the  work  of  the  canvassers  has 
been  completed. 

f.  The  Finance  Committee,  consisting  of  a  representative 
business  man  from  each  denomination  or  organization. 

(1)  To  estimate  early  the  expense  of  the  survey,  and 
plan  to  i^rovide  for  it  through  church  or  society. 

(2)  To  have  charge  of  the  making  of  accounts  and  of 
the  payment  of  bills. 

g.  Publicity  Committee,  consisting  of  from  one  to  three 
members. 

(1)  To  provide  all  matters  for  the  press. 

(2)  To  plan  public  exhibition  of  the  results  of  the  sur- 
vey, if  considered  advisable. 


CHAPTER  II 

THE  PLAN  OF  INVESTIGATION  IN  A  COMMUNITY 

SURVEY 

1.     The  Viewpoints  op  a  Community  Survey 

The  scope,  the  method,  and  the  sources  of  a  commuuity 
survey  are  dependent  u^dou  the  viewpoint  of  the  investiga- 
tion.   There  are  at  least  four  of  these : 

a.  Relation  of  the  church  to  its  constituency. 

(1)  A  retrospective  view — looking  at  yesterday. 

(2)  An  introspective  view — looking  into  to-day. 

(3)  A  prospective  vieAv — looking  toward  to-morrow. 

b.  Relation  of  community  to  the  church. 

(1)  The  religious  life. 

(2)  The  social  environment. 

(3)  The  economic  bearing. 

c.  Relation  of  a  church  community  to  its  Conference 
territory. 

d.  Relation  of  a  church  community  to  a  general  mission- 
ary field. 

2.     The  Scope  of  a  Community  Survey 

A.     the  local  church  survey 

1.  The  Church  membership.  Practically  every  church  has 
unused  resources  of  men  who  are  members  of  the  church  and 
congregation,  but  who  have  not  yet  been  given  a  man's  job 
in  church  work.  Professor  Edwin  L.  Earp  has  pointed  out 
that  "our  notions  of  church  work  have  been  so  confined  in 
some  places  to  the  service  that  a  man  could  render  inside 
the  church  building  by  simply  attending,  or  leading  a  serv- 
ice, that  actually  thousands  of  able  men  in  every  denomina- 
tion within  our  cities  have  been  given  no  adequate  task 
within  the  Kingdom  of  God."^     A  canvass  should  be  made 

lEarp,  The  Social  Engineer,  p.  287. 

37 


38  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

not  only  of  the  men  of  the  church,  with  a  view  of  increasing 
its  efficiency,  but  also  of  the  entire  membership,  with  the 
view  of  enlarging  its  field  of  influence. 

The  writer  has  found  successful  the  following  scheme  of 
making  a  survey  of  his  church  membership — a  scheme  for 
putting  the  house  in  order  first.  Much  of  the  information 
can  be  gathered  from  the  church  membership  records,  and 
from  the  records  of  the  various  societies  and  oganizations 
of  the  church. 

The  purpose  of  this  church  membership  record  is  to  show 
the  active  and  inactive  relationship  of  every  member  of  the 
church.  This  record  for  the  entire  membership  always  re- 
veals the  fact  that  some  are  overdoing  and  others  are  under- 
doing, a  condition  arising  more  from  inadequate  direction 
of  church  responsibilities  than  from  either  inability  or 
unwillingness  for  church  work. 

On  the  reverse  side  of  this  card,  a  schedule  is  to  be  filled 
out  regarding  other  members  of  the  family  not  affiliated 
with  the  church.  If  the  ideal  of  church  membership  con- 
sists of  the  affiliation  of  Christian  families  rather  than  the 
affiliation  of  Christian  individuals,  then  all  the  names  on 
this  reverse  side  of  the  card  should  become  the  burden  of 
the  church  until  each  name  is  transferred  to  the  front  side 
of  the  card. 

This  record  card  should  accompany  the  transfer  certifi- 
cate of  membership,  when  the  family  removes  from  one 
charge  to  another. 

The  schedules  might  be  printed  on  cardboard,  and  ar- 
ranged alphabetically  for  a  card  index  file,  or  on  lighter 
paper  for  a  loose-leaf  book  to  be  carried  in  the  pocket  as  a 
street  membership  (and  nonmembership)  guide.  They 
should  be  arranged  according  to  the  shortest  contin- 
uous route  for  an  every-church-home  visitation.  This 
visitation  should  be  made  as  often  as  quarterly  whenever 
practicable. 

For  the  convenience  of  the  members  of  the  church  the 
writer  has  had  printed  in  the  hand  directory  of  membership, 


CHURCH  MEMBERSHIP  RECORD 

Family  Name 

Address Telephone . 


Given  Names 

Family 
Relation 

Age  or  Grade 
in  School 

Years  as  a 
Christian 

Years  in  this 
Membership 

Official 
Board 

Methodist 
Brotherhood 

Ladies'  Aid 
Circle 

Woman's  Foreign 
Missionary  Society 

Woman's  Home 
Missionary  Society 

Young  People's 
Missionary  Society 

Sunday 
School 

Epworth  League 
Junior  League 

Choir  or 
Chorus 

Regularity  of 
Church  Attendance 

Regularity  of  P.  M. 
Attendance 

Subscriber 
Epworth  Herald 

Subscriber 
Christian  Advocate 

Bread- 
winner 

Financial 
Contributor 

Church  Work 
Preferred 

Occupation  {Family  Head) 

Address 

Remarks 


39 


CHURCH  NON-MEMBERSHIP  RECORD 
Other  Members  of  the  Family  NOT  Affiliated  with  Our  Church 


Given  Names 

Family 
Relation 

Church  Work 
Relation 

Age  or  Grade 
in  School 

Years  as  a 
Christian 

Years  in  Church 
Membership 

When 
Baptized 

Church  Attended 
or  Preferred 

# 

Sunday  School 
Attended  or 
Preferred 

Regularity  of 
Church  Attendance 

Regularity  of  P.  M. 
Attendance 

Bread- 
winner 

Financial 
Contributor 

Why  Not  a 
Member  of  This 
Church 

Remarks 

Occupation  (Family  Head) 
Address 


40 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        41 

a  part  entitled,  "Cliurch  Homes  by  Streets."  This  has  been 
very  useful  for  systematic  visitation  and  has  been  greatly 
appreciated. 

Another  schedule,  outlining  the  work  that  the  church  is 
endeavoring  to  do,  might  be  used  among  both  the  member- 
ship and  the  congregation,  and  a  record  or  list  made  of  the 
kinds  of  work  in  which  each  is  interested  and  in  which  each 
will  volunteer  service.  In  this  way,  every  one  affiliated  with 
the  church  may  be  related  to  some  definite  work  in  the 
church,  in  the  community,  or  in  the  city.  The  church  would 
take  on  new  life;  everyone  would  realize  the  arrival  of  a 
new  type  of  efficiency. 

There  is  still  another  very  important  phase  of  the  church 
membership  survey — one  that  is  almost  entirely  neglected. 
It  is  especially  in  harmony  with  the  Methodist  Rules,  Section 
31,  which  reads  as  follows : 

It  is  expected  of  all  .  .  .  to  do  good  .  .  .  especially  by  employing 
those  of  the  household  of  faith  preferably  to -others;  by  buying  one 
of  another;  and  by  helping  each  other  in  business. 

It  is  necessary  in  carrying  out  the  purpose  of  this  section 
that  the  members  of  the  church  are  informed  as  to  who  are 
in  the  various  businesses  and  professions.  The  writer  has 
found  that  this  is  one  of  the  best  appreciatetl  single  services 
he  has  performed.  It  should  be  made  a  classified  list  for 
ready  reference.  The  plan  has  been  to  make  this  list  a 
"Business  and  Professional"  part  to  the  hand  directory  of 
membership. 

The  regular  church  congregation  should  be  continuously 
surveyed  to  provide  for  the  newcomer  and  the  stranger 
within  our  gates.  The  use  of  he  following  card  has  proven 
the  means  of  identifying  many  homes  with  the  church,  that 
otherwise  might  have  been  lost  to  its  membership. 

The  signed  card  is  followed  up  with  a  call,  after  which 
the  follow-up  work  is  the  same  as  that  described  in  the 
chapter  on  "Conservation  of  Survey  Results"  (chap.  IV). 


42  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

You  Are  Cordially  Welcomed 
And  you  are  cordially  invited  to  make  this  your  Church 
Home,  and  to  join  with  us  in  Christian  work  and  wor- 
ship, if  unaffiliated  elsewhere. 
The  Pastor  would  be  pleased  to  meet  you  at  the  close  of 
the  service.     It  would  also  afford  him  pleasure  to  have 
the  privilege  of  calling  on  you  -soon,  providing  that  you 
desire  him  to  do  so. 
Notices,  from  time  to  time,  of  special  services  and  social 
events  will  be  sent  you,  too,  if  you  will 
Fill  The  Lines  Below 
And  drop  this  card  in  the  collection  basket,  or  kindly  give 
your  name  and  address  to  one  of  -the  ushers. 

Charles  E.  Carroll,  Pastor. 

Name 

Address Telephone 

Every  Sunday  school  should  be  likewise  surveyed  and  the 
findings  followed  up,  in  order  to  reach  the  homes  that  are 
represented  in  the  school  but  not  in  the  church  membership. 
A  capable  enrollment  secretary  is  very  serviceable,  and  al- 
most indispensable  to  any  pastor. 

2.  The  Church  Status.  The  following  facts  regarding 
the  condition  of  the  church  have  been  considered  important, 
whenever  an  intelligent  understanding  of  the  church  needs 
is  sought: 

(a)  A  chronological  list  of  the  more  important  facts  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  church. 

(b)  The  numerical  record  \3t  the  charge  over  a  ten-year  or  a 
twenty-year  period,  including  especially  church  membership  and 
Sunday  school  enrollment  by  years. 

(c)  The  financial  record  of  the  charge  over  a  similar  period,  in- 
cluding especially  pastoral  self-support,  missionary  assistance  (if 
any),  benevolent  offerings,  and  net  property  valuation  by  years. 

(d)  Any  special  features  concerning  the  church  membership  and 
constituency. 

(e)  What  an  efficient  program,  social  as  well  as  religious,  would 
mean  to  the  church. 

The  following  is  a  suggestive  individual  Church  Schedule 
prepared  by  Anna  B.  Taft  of  the  Presbyterian  Department 
of  Church  and  Community  Life: 


Ill 
"11 

i 

1 

1 

1 

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oil 
III 

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1 

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(£;_>. 

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1 

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0 

1 

Is  There 

Teachers 

Traming 

Class 

Is  There 

a 
Teachers 
Meeting 

Female 
Classes 
Taught 
by  Men 

Mixed 
Classes 
Taught 
by  Men 

Male 

Classes 
Taught 

by 
Women 

Male 
Classes 
Taui?ht 
by  Men 

0 

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ts 

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0 

1 

1 
1 

Is 
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Graded 

1 

0 

6 

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! 

1 
I 
1 

< 

^11 

— 

— 

Dis- 
tance 
of 

Farthest 

1 

Average 
Attend- 
ance 

1       1       ! 

1       1 

1              1      1 

No.  of 
Mem- 
bers 

1 

! 

PQ 

IS 

S 
0 

1 

43 


44  THE  COMMUNITY  SUKVEY 

B.      THE   CITY   AND   RURAL   COMMUNITY    SURVEY 

At  one  extreme,  a  survey  may  be  made  by  superficially 
skimming  the  facts  of  the  community,  requiring  little  organ- 
ization and  limited  staff,  "a-lick-and-a-promise  scheme." 
This  kind  is  limited  to  passing  round  and  filling  out  reli- 
gious schedules — such  as  were  used  in  many  places  in  ad- 
vance of  the  Men  and  Religion  campaign  work.  "They  bear 
about  the  same  relation  to  a  survey  that  the  blanks  which 
a  mail-order  tailoring  establishment  sends  out  for  self-meas- 
urement bear  to  a  thorough-going  ph^^sical  examination."^ 

At  the  other  extreme  is  the  comprehensive,  dovetailing 
survey,  requiring  a  large  and  trained  staff  and  incurring 
considerable  expense.  A  very  satisfactory  survey  is  the 
"happy  medium"  between  the  skimming  and  the  compre- 
hensive dove-tailing  schemes — which  is  within  the  means 
and  resources  of  the  average  church. 

The  scope  of  a  community  survey  includes  three  general 
fields  of  investigation — the  religious,  the  social,  and  the  eco- 
nomic. The  initial  stej)  in  planning  the  schedules  of  a  sur- 
vey is  to  determine  whether  the  scope  is  to  cover  more  than 
the  religious  life  of  the  community.  Whatever  the  field 
the  schedules  are  to  cover,  it  is  well  to  bear  in  mind  the  fol- 
lowing rules  concerning  the  questions  to  be.  asked.^ 

1.  Comparatively  few  in  number. 

2.  Require  an  answer  of  a  number  of  yes  or  no. 

3.  Simple  enough  to  be  readily  understood. 

4.  Such  as  will  be  answereh  without  bias. 

5.  Not  unnecessarily  inquisitorial. 

6.  As  far  as  possible  corroboratory. 

7.  Such  as  directly  and  unmistakably  cover  the  point  of 
information  desired. 

C,       SCHEDULES    FOR    COMMUNITY     SURVEY 

The  following  are  some  examples  of  schedules,  each  one 
of  which  has  been  prepared  and  used  by  the  writer: 

2  Kellogg,  "The  Spread  of  the  Social  Survey  Idea,"  Organization  for  Social  Work,  p.  6. 

3  Cf.  King,  Elements  of  Statistical  Method,  pp.  54-57. 


(1)     RELIGIOUS  CENSUS 

TAKEN  UNOER  THE   AUSPICES   OF  THE  FEDERATION  OF  CHURCHES  IN  SCOVILLE 
UNION  MEETINGS.  LINCOLN,  NEBRASKA,  APRIL,  1913 


Family  Name Address 

.  Section 

State 
in 
Life 

Chuech  Membership 

Sunday- 
School 
Attend- 
ant 

Names 

Lincoln 

Else- 
where 

Denomi- 
national 
Pref- 
erence 

Par- 
ticular 
Church 

Remarks 

Children 

Age 

i 

Number  in  Home Visitor 

(2)  LOCAL  RELIGIOUS  AND  SOCIAL  SURVEY 


Family  Name Address 

Classification:  Protestant Other . 


Vacant 

Absent 
Refused 


A:  Religious 

State 

in 
Life  1 

Members  3 

Preference  3 

Name  (Given) 

Church 

S.  S. 

Church 

S.S. 

Remarks 

(Husband) 

(Wife) 

Children 

Age 

Grade 
SchS)l  3 



1 

1 

1 

1 

B: 

Family  Standing  (Principally  Observations) 

4 

Property 

Housing 

Health 

Financul 

Social 

Moral 

Educational 

Occupant— Renter:  How  long Owner:  How  long . 


M  [Married].  W  [Widow  or  Widower].  G  [Grandparent].  2  or  S  [Single]. 
3  [Name  Church  and  S.  S].  4  H  [High].  F  [Fair].  L  [Low].  Standing  for 
this  community. 


Visitor's  No . 


N.  B. — Remarks  and  Follow  up  Results  on  Reverse  side. 

45 


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47 


(4)     RURAL  PARISH  SURVEY 

Family  Name , . .  .P.  0 Phone. 

Nationality Farm  {Map)  No . . 

Classification:  Protestant Other '.Contributor .  . 


A:  Religious 

State 

in 
Life  1 

Members  3 

Preference  3 

Name  (Given) 

Church 

S.  S. 

Church 

S.S. 

Remarks 

(Husband) 

(Wife) 

Children 

Age 

AND 

Grade 

Birthday  3 

t 

1 

[ 

1 

1 

B. 

Family  Standing  (Observations  and  Summary  of  C.  D.  <fe  E.)  4 

Property 

Housing 

Health 

Financul 

SOCLAL 

Moral 

Educational 

1  M  [Married].    W  [Widow  or  Widower].    G  [Grandparent].    3  or  S  [Single].     | 

3  [Name  Church  and  S.  S].    4  H  [High].    F  [Fair].    L  [Low].    Standing  for      Visitor's  No. 
this  community.  ) 


C.     SOCIAL 

Recreation:  Local — Church  Socia's,  School  Functions,  the  Dance.    In  Town — Theatre,  Picture  Show. 

Affiliations:  Societies  and  Lodges — Father 

Mother Children 

Sunday  Observance:  Work,  Church,  Reading,  Games,  Visiting,  Driving. 

D.     CULTURAL 

Education:  Names  having  an  eighth  grade  education 

High  School  education 

Attended  an  Agricultural  School  or  College 

Attended  other  Institution  of  Higher  Learning 

Literature:  Agricultural  BuUetms  (Government,  State),  Newspapers  (Dailies,  Weeklies),  Farm  or 

Vocational  Journals,  Magazines,  Religious. 

Library:  Number  of  Books Would  you  patronize  a  Public  or  Circulating  Library? 

School:  Would  you  favor  a  ConsoUdated  School  District  with  High  School  and  transportation? 

If  not,  why? 

Musical  Provisions Aesthetic:  Indoors Outdoors 


E.     ECONOMIC 

Occupation Auto . 


Occupant:  Owner — how  long Renter — how  long . 

Farm:  Acres Term  of  Lease Resident  Landlord 

Location:  Miles  from  market R.  R Church 

Help:  Female Male Months Working  day:  Summer Winter. 

Special  Equipment .* 

N.  B.'  Underscore  wherever  sufficiently  indicative. 

48 


IK  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        40 

In  Appendix  B  will  be  found  valuable  suggestive  sched- 
ules of  ''What  Every  Church  Should  Know  About  Its  Com- 
munity." They  were  pr-epared  for  the  National  Commission 
on  the  Church  and  Social  Service  of  the  Federal  Council  of 
Churches,  by  Secretaries  Henry  A.  Atkinson,  Congregational 
Department  of  Social  Service ;  Samuel  Zane  Batten,  Baptist 
Department  of  Social  Service  and  Brotherhood;  Frank  M. 
Crouch,  Episcopal  Joint  Commission  on  Social  Service; 
William  B.  Patterson,  Philadelphia  Commission  on  Social 
Service  (interdenominational)  ;  and  HaJ*ry  F.  Ward,  Meth- 
odist Federation  for  Social  Service. 

It  should  be  remembered  at  the  outset  of  the  survey  that 
^'Citizenship  in  the  Kingdom  of  God  is  only  realized  as  the 
civic  life  of  the  community  is  organized  according  to  the 
will  of  God."4  In  order  to  effectively  direct  its  activity  in 
relation  to  civic  life  the  church  must  know  the  facts  of  the 
local  government,  know  to  what  extent  the  present  city 
ordinances  are  being  enforced,  and  whether  or  not,  espe- 
cially at  points  where  the  city's  tasks  and  those  of  the  social 
worker  intersect,  the  money  raised  by  taxation  is  adequate 
for  carrying  out  a  needed  social  program. 

"When  we  finally  understand  our  problems,"  says  Prof. 
L.  H.  Bailey,  of  Cornell  University,  "we  shall  make  our  best 
surveys  in  consecutive  order.  We  may  classify  all  phases  of 
survey  work  freely  under  three  groups — physical,  economic, 
social — and  the  order  of  the  surveys  should  preferably  follow 
this  sequence.  We  should  first  know  what  the  region  is — 
geography,  physiography,  climate,  resources,  soils;  then 
what  it  does — the  farming,  the  industries,  the  markets,  the 
business,  the  profits-and-loss ;  then  how  it  lives — its  people, 
its  homes,  its  health,  its  institutions,  its  modes  of  expression, 
its  outlook."^  The  survey  will  include  every  school,  from 
the  consolidated  township  high  school  down  to  the  little 
red  schoolhouse  on  the  hill,  every  church  and  Sunday  school 
and  every  society  which  holds  its  meetings  in  the  church,  such 

4  Federal  Council  of  Churches,  What  Every  Church  Should  Know  About  Its  Com- 
munity, p.  15. 

5  Bailey,  Survey  Idea  in  Country  Life  Work,  p.  15. 


50  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

as  brotherhoods^  young  people's  societies,  ladies'  aid  so- 
cieties, mission  clubs,  etc.  It  will  include  every  fraternal 
order,  every  lodge,  club,  or  organization  whatsoever,  such  as 
a  band,  singing  school,  baseball  club.  No  group  will  be 
omitted  that  has  a  name  and  holds  regular  meetings.^  It 
will  not  be  necessary,  of  course,  to  make  equally  extensive 
studies  in  all  communities. 

The  specific  points  upon  which  information  was  gathered 
in  various  rural  surveys  conducted  under  the  direction  of 
the  Hon.  Gilford  Pinchot  and  C.  O.  Gill,  were  as  follows  'J 

1.  The  changes  in  church  attendance  and  membership  in  twenty 
years. 

2.  The  change  in  contributions,  measured  both  in  dollars  and 
purchasing  power,  in  twenty  years. 

3.  The  change  in  minister's  salaries,  measured  both  in  dollars 
and  purchasing  power,  in  twenty  years. 

4.  The  equipment  of  ministers  for  their  work. 

5.  The  effect  of  too  many  churches  upon  the  general  activities 
and  prosperity  of  the  country  church. 

6.  A  comparison  of  the  churches  in  the  smaller  communities  with 
the  churches  in  the  larger  towns  and  villages,  and  of  churches  in 
regions  of  good  soil  with  churches  in  regions  of  poor  soil. 

7.  A  special  inquiry  into  the  methods  of  work  of  the  more  suc- 
cessful churches. 

8.  Changes-  in  population  (including  Protestants  and  non- 
Protestants)  and  in  the  agricultural  and  industrial  conditions  of 
two  counties,  in  twenty  years. 

The  Social  Service  Commission  of  the  North-East  Ohio 
Conference  has  urged  a  social  survey  of  each  country  church 
community  along  lines  indicated  in  the  following  ques- 
tionnaire : 

Social  Survey  of  a  Country  Community 

1.  Name    of    community    surveyed 

2.  Size  of  community  in  square  miles 

3.  Total  number  of  people  in  the  community.     In  1900 

In  1910 


8  Jenkins,  "How  to  Make  a  Social  Survey,"  Independent,  LXXIV,  p.  1336.     (June  12, 
1913.) 

7  C.  O.  Gill  and  Gifford  Pinchot,  The  Country  Church,  p.  10. 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        51 

4.  Name  the  nationalities  in  the  community,  and  give  number 
of  each 

5.  What  kind  of  roads  has  the  community? 

6.  Do  country  people  excuse  themselves  from  church  attendance 
on  account  of  bad  roads? 

7.  Name  the  factories  and  mills  in  the  community,  and  the  num- 
ber of  men,  women,  and  children,  employed  in  each 

8.  What  are  the  hours  of  labor,  rest  day  privileges,  and  average 
daily  wage  of  farm  hands  and  workers  in  each  industry  in  your 
community? 

9.  How  many  families  pay  rent  upon  the  farms  they  use?  Is  it 
cash  or  crop  -rent? 

10.  What  is  the  proportion  of  renters  to  property  owners  in  the 
community  ? , 

11.  How   many  families  of  dependent  poor? 

12.  What  clubs,  lodges,  and  fraternal  orders  are  found?  Give 
number  of  members  of  each 

13.  Is  there  a  library,  lecture  course,  or  civic  improvement  society 
in  your  community? , 

14.  What  are  the  most  popular  games  for  boys  and  girls? 

15.  What  is  the  leadership  of  the  recreation  of  the  community? 

16.  Does  the  church  provide  or  support  amusement  or  recrea- 
tion?  

17.  What  are  the  regular  gatherings  for  social  and  educational 
purposes  by  the  church? 

18.  To  what  extent  is  each  church  equipped  with  kitchen,  dining 
room,  library,  parlor,  gymnasium,  boys'  club  room,  social  assembly 
room,  or  parish  house  for  institutional  work? 

19.  Are  there -any  abandoned  churches  in  the  community? 


20.  How  many  churches  in  your  community? 

21.  Is  there  any  systematic  cooperation  between  the  churches, 
and  between  churches,  schools,  and  fraternal  orders  in  common 
efforts  for  community  welfare,  such  as  recreation,  town  improve- 
ment, lectures,  institutes,  etc.  ? 

In  Appendix  C  will  be  found  a  very  suggestive  schedule 
for  rural  country  surveys,  prepared  for  the  Upper  Iowa  An- 
nual Conference,  by  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Slingerland,  member  of 
the  Conference,  and  also  on  the  staff  of  the  Russell  Sage 
Foundation. 

For  excellent  examples  in  making  rural  surveys  one  should 
secure  the  various  reports  of  surveys  made  under  the  direc- 


52  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

tion  of  Warren  H.  Wilson,  superintendent  of  the  Presby- 
terian Department  of  Church  and  Country  Life,  Various 
rural  surveys  have  been  made  in  the  States  of  Maryland, 
Tennessee,  Indiana,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  Minnesota,  be- 
sides numerous  Ohio  rural  life  surveys. 

3.     The  Sources  of  Investigation 

The  following  are  some  suggestive  sources  of  investigation : 

a.  Examination  of  local  church  records  and  Annual  Con- 
ference statistical  reports,  for  a  period  of  years,  to  discover 
the  chronological,  numerical,  and  financial  trend  of  the  work 
of  the  charge. 

b.  Inquiry  into  the  relationship  of  neighborhood  churches 
to  one  another  and  to  their  respective  constituencies. 

c.  Investigation  of  public  and  quasi-public  records  re- 
lating to  the  social  life  of  the  community. 

(1)  The  population  facts  can  be  secured  from  the  census 
reports,  both  federal  and  local — provided  more  than  a  house- 
to-house  community  census  is  undertaken, 

(2)  Educational  facts  from  school  directors,  school 
boards,  and  annual  school  reports. 

(3)  Morbidity  and  mortality  facts  from  public  health 
officers,  and  department  of  health  records,  and  hospital  rec- 
ords; housing  facts  from  city  sanitary  inspectors,  and  ex- 
amination of  city  ordinances. 

(4)  Public  charity  facts  from  the  private  and  public 
relief  agencies,  including  the  associated  charities  organiza- 
tion. 

(5)  Criminal  facts  from  the  police  and  juvenile  court 
records. 

d.  Observation  of  the  role  of  social  and  quasi-social 
agencies  of  the  community — forces  which  work  to  uplift, 
and  forces  which  tend  to  destroy  the  community  life. 

e.  Study  of  the  economic  life  through  the  industrial  and 
social  establishments,  Chamber  of  Commerce,  emplo^anent 
agencies,  labor  organizations,  State  factory  inspector,  and 
deputy  commissioner  of  labor. 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        53 

f.  Study  of  the  home  life  by  a  house-to-house  visitatiou 
throughout  the  community. 

g.  Miscellaneous  information  gathered  from  personal 
interviews. 

The  sources  of  information  employed  by  the  investigators 
of  the  Rural  Life  Surveys  for  the  Presbyterian  Department 
of  Church  and  Country  Life,  in  general,  were : 

1.  The  reports  of  the  township  assessor. 

2.  The  reports  of  teachers  and  of  the  superintendent  of 
education. 

3.  The  United  States  Government  reports,  including  the 
census  tabulation,  the  soil  surveys  and  the  organizations. 

4.  The  records  of  fraternal  organizations. 

5.  The  annual  reports  of  church  boards  and  committees 
and  local  records  of  each  church  in  the  community,  including 
the  membership  roll. 

6.  The  annual  reports  of  Sunday  school  officers,  local, 
county,  and  State,  and  the  reports  of  conventions. 

The  chief  source  of  information,  however,  the  workers  may 
find  outside  of  these  reports  in  close  personal  study  of  each 
community  by  itself,  observing  its  activities  and  talking  with 
townshij)  officers,  school  boards,  prominent  lajaiien  in  the 
church,  ministers,  Sunday  school  workers,  and  "unchurched" 
business  men. 

4.     The  Methods  of  Community  Survey 

a.     the  four  general  methods 

There  are  four  general  primary  methods  of  investigation 
in  the  various  kinds  of  field  surveying— personal  investiga- 
tion, estimates  from  correspondents,  schedules  to  be  filled 
by  informants,  and  schedules  in  charge  of  canvassers.  The 
proper  method  is,  of  course,  determined  by  the  nature  of  the 
survey,  the  accuracy  of  results  desired,  and  the  financial  re- 
sources available. 

The  personal  investigation  method  is  especially  adapted 
to  the  intensive  study  of  the  community  and  is  the  most  sat- 


54  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

isfactory.  It  is  the  method  used  in  gathering  of  many  social 
statistics.  Estimates  from  correspondents  may  be  used 
when  it  is  desired  to  obtain  only  an  approximate  result.  Be- 
cause of  its  easiness  and  inexpensiveness,  it  is  often  used  for 
such  purpose  as  the  gathering  of  information  in  a  general 
missionary  field  survey,  like  that  being  undertaken  in  fifteen 
of  the  Western  States  by  the  Home  Missionary  Council.  The 
filling  of  schedules  by  informants  is  another  extensively  used 
method  and  differs  from  the  preceding  only  in  that  the  ques- 
tions asked  are  those  concerning  which  the  informant  is  pre- 
sumed to  have  definite,  accurate  knowledge.  By  this  method, 
a  large  territory  may  be  covered  with  only  a  small  fraction 
of  the  expense  necessary  to  pay  for  sending  out  enumerators 
— as  in  gathering  the  information  for  Annual  Conference  or 
State  rural  surveys. 

B.       METHOD    OF    A    LOCAL    COMMUNITY    SURVEY 

The  filling  of  schedules  in  charge  of  canvassers  is  the  phm 
followed  in  the  ordinary  city  or  rural  community  surveys. 
The  following  are  the  steps  leading  up  to  the  taking  of  a 
Local  Community  Survey : 

1.  Start  it,  after  realizing  the  need  of  the  survey,  by  get- 
ting others  interested. 

2.  Decide  upon  the  auspices  under  which  the  surve}^  shall 
be  taken  (See  "The  Auspices  of  the  Community  Survey," 
above. ) 

3.  Decide  who  shall  act  as  director  of  the  survey — 
usually  a  pastor. 

4.  After  determining  the  territory  to  be  surveyed,  di- 
vide it  into  districts;  as,  N.  E.,  S.  E.,  N.  W.,  S.  W.,  districts 
from  the  church,  if  a  geographical  center,  with  a  captain 
over  each. 

5.  Decide  upon  the  scox)e  of  the  survey,  whether  it  shall 
be  limited  or  not  to  the  gathering  of  religious  facts  by  a 
house-to-house  canvass;  whether  or  not  the  social  study 
shall  be  that  of  a  particular  problem  or  a  general  study  of 
various  problems  of  the  community  life. 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        55 

6.  Decide  upon  a  suitable  form  of  schedule.  (See  "Ex- 
ample of  Schedules/'  above;  and  "Appendix  B"  and  "Ap- 
pendix C") 

7.  Select  the  necessary  number  of  canvassers  and  assign 
each  to  his  respective  section — making  a  simple  map  of  the 
same. 

8.  Appoint  a  time  for  the  simultaneous  taking  of  the 
survey. 

9.  Hold  a  meeting  of  canvassers  for  instruction. 

The  following  are  the  principal  suggestions  offered  for 
the  direction  of  house-to-house  studies.^ 

(a)   Instruction  to  District  Chairman 

You,  as  chairman  of  the  district,  are  to  have  complete  charge  of 
the  direction  of  the  census  in  your  district. 

You  should  designate  a  place  as  headquarters  for  your  district 
from  which  you  will  direct  the  work  and  to  which  you  will  request 
all  to  deliver  their  record  cards  at  the  completion  of  their  canvass. 

Let  the  hours  of  work  be  different  according  to  the  convenience 
of  the  various  canvassers,  namely,  afternoon  hours  for  lady  workers, 
after  school  hours  for  students,  after  business  hours  for  those  en- 
gaged during  the  day. 

Select  both  men  and  women  canvassers,  but  rarely  any  under 
sixteen  years  of  age. 

In  making  assignments  be  careful  that  the  social  grade  of  the 
canvasser  shall  fit  the  social  conditions  of  the  people  to  be  visited — 
sending  the  more  experiencd  Christian  workers  into  any  "cautious" 
territory. 

Divide  your  district  into  sections  according  to  density  of  popula- 
tion or  to  the  number  of  available  canvassers. 

Diagram  the  sections  on  section  envelopes  for  each  canvasser — 
one  canvasser  for  each  of  the  sections  into  which  you  divide  your 
district. 

See  that  each  canvasser  clearly  understands  the  instructions  and 
has  a  supply  of  announcements,  schedules,  section  envelopes  and  an 
instruction  card. 

Return  the  schedules  in  their  respective  section  envelopes  securely 
inclosed  in  the  printed  district  wrapper  at  once  to  the  headquarters 
of  the  general  superintendent  and  director  of  the  census. 


^  Cf.  Cork,  "Purpose,  Organization,  and  Methods  of  Visitation  Day."     (International 
Sunday  School  Association,  Leaflet.) 


5G  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

Before  any  canvassiug  is  to  be  doue,  a  canvassers'  meeting 
is  very  essential.  There  might  be  several  such  meetings  held 
at  the  same  time  under  the  instruction  of  the  respective 
church  captains. 

(b)    Instructions  to   Canvassers 

Study  carefully  your  territory  before  starting  out.  Unless  other- 
wise instructed,  take  inside  only  of  boundary  streets. 

State  under  whose  auspices  the  census  is  being  taken  and  that 
each  home  in  the  community  is  being  visited. 

Pave  the  way  for  the  next  call  by  finding  out  the  family  name  be- 
forehand— as  a  good  book  agent  does.  Also  save  time  by  inquiring 
for  homes  concerning  which  no  detailed  information  may  be  wanted; 
as,  homes  classified  other  than  Protestant. 

Extend  to  such  as  are  not  attending  any  Sunday  school  or  church 
a  cordial  invitation  to  attend  the  church  of  their  choice. 

In  filling  out  the  schedules  remember  to  write  plainly,  using 
ink  or  indelible  pencil. 

Study  the  schedule  carefully,  and  be  sure  that  you  understand 
every  question  to  be  asked;  and  also,  know  the  directions  printed 
on  each  side  of  the  schedule  card. 

Do  thorough  work — make  as  complete  records  as  possible,  for 
every  question  is  important — remembering  that  the  salvation  of 
souls  may  rest  on  your  effort. 

Do  not  miss  a  single  house.  If  the  people  are  absent  call  again. 
If  you  do  not  call  again,  turn  in  the  card  so  designating. 

If  information  is  refused,  try  to  get  it  at  the  next  door.  In  seek- 
ing information  on  any  point,  be  tactful  and  diplomatic,  patient  and 
kind. 

Give  a  separate  card  for  each  family,  and  a  separate  card  for 
others  not  members  of  the  family  residing  at  the  same  place. 

Finish  your  visitations  on  your  section  at  once,  if  possible,  and 
return  your  record  cards  to  the  chairman.  Remember  to  sign  each 
card  with  your  visitor's  number,  so  that  you  may  be  conferred  with 
regarding  any  incompleteness  or  error  appearing  upon  any  of  the 
schedules. 

After  the  above  suggestions  are  offered,  each  canvasser  is 
given  a  schedule  and  requested  to  fill  it  out  according  to  an 
imaginary  family  of  six  members,  where  no  two  of  which 
give  the  same  information — so  that  every  question  of  the 
schedule  can  be  used  as  far  as  possible.     These  schedules 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        57 

are  handed  over  unsigned,  and  shuffled  so  that  no  one  can 
take  as  personal  whatever  criticism  may  be  offered  about 
the  errors  that  are  made.  In  this  way,  each  canvasser  re- 
ceives the  benefit  of  the  criticism  of  all  the  canvassers. 

A  very  commendable  thing  to  do  is  to  have  each  canvasser 
distribute  invitation  cards,  appropriate  to  the  auspices  of 
the  census,  as  he  leaves  the  Protestant  homes.  The  follow- 
ing is  a  sample  of  an  individual  church  card  used  in  one  of 
the  Denver  church  community  surveys: 


WASHINGTON  PARK  METHODIST  CHURCH 

SOUTH   HIGH  AND    TENNESSEE 

**THE  COMMUNITY  CHURCH'* 

WE  ENDEAVOR.:    To  Serve  this  Neighborhood  Spiritually.  Socially 

WE  OFFER  YOU  :  A  Church  Home— Many  Opportunities  to  Serve 

Christian     Fellowship  —  A    Hearty    Welcome 

EVERY 
FAMILY 
NEEDS 

A     GOOD     HOME 
A  GOOD  SCHOOL 
A  GOOD  CHURCH 

WE  ^ 

lEED 

YOU 

The  followiug  is  a  sample  of  the  invitation  card  left  at 
each  home  in  religious  censuses  taken  under  the  auspices 
of  the  International  Sundav  School  Association : 


AN  INVITATION 

"VTZE  come  today  with  a  cordial  invitation  to 
you  irom  every  Church,  Sunday  School 
and  Synagogue  in  this  community.  If  you  attend 
the  services  of  your  choice  regularly,  all  extend 
greetings;  if  you  do  not,  all  join  m  a  most  earn- 
est request  that  you  do  so.  We  want  to  assure 
you  a  hearty  w^elcome. 

In  Behalf  of  all  Churches,  Sunday  schools  and  Synagogues 
in  this  Community. 


58  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

THE    HOUSE-TO-HOUSE    CANVASS 

The  house-to-house  canvass  might  Avell  include  only  those 
homes  without  any  church  affiliation.  Such  a  plan  was  par- 
ticipated in  by  the  writer  during  a  recent  survey.  The  pas- 
tor of  each  of  six  cooperating  churches  furnished  the  re- 
quired religious  information  regarding  his  respective  mem- 
bership. The  intensive  study  was  made  on  homes  not  rep- 
resented in  any  one  of  the  six  membershij)s.  As  a  result  of 
this  division  of  labor,  the  cooperating  pastors  met  after  the 
canvass  had  been  made,  and  each  received  the  schedules 
which  logically  belonged  to  him.  Valuable  information  was 
thus  gathered  from  a  much  larger  territory  than  would 
otherwise  have  been  possible  in  the  same  length  of  time.  All 
that  information,  too,  was  of  the  'Vhite  harvest,"  or  per- 
sonal work  type.  It  might  be  of  interest  to  know  that  the 
cooperating  pastors  were  favored  with  the  church  member- 
ship information  of  the  Catholic,  Colored,  and  Jewish 
churches.  This  information  was  gladly  given  with  the  un- 
derstanding that  the  affiliated  homes  belonging  to  these 
churches  would  not  be  visited  during  the  taking  of  the 
survey. 

In  addition  to  the  information  that  can  be  secured  through 
a  house- to-hx3use  canvass,  the  following  facts  seem  to  be  a 
minimum  of  the  religious  knowledge  of  a  community  that 
any  church  should  consider  it  ought  to  know : 

1.  Sidelights  on  the  neighborhood  churches:  Name  of 
church,  location  of  church,  the  year  organized,  whether  sta- 
tion or  circuit,  whether  resident  pastor  or  not,  value  of 
church  and  parsonage  property,  debt,  church  membership, 
Sunday  school  enrollment,  and  missionary  assistance,  if  any. 

2.  A  Map  of  the  Community,  drawn  on  cardboard  and 
mounted  on  compo-board,  showing  the  following  informa- 
tion :  The  locations  of  the  churches  of  the  community ;  the 
proportional  distance  and  direction  to  each  neighborhood 
church  by  lines  drawn  from  the  particular  church  as  a  cen- 
ter ;  and,  by  the  use  of  different  sized  and  color-headed  pins. 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        59 

the  different  kinds  of  churches  and  the  different  kinds  of 
homes,  etc.     (See  Frontispiece.) 

C.       THE   METHOD  OF  A  CITY   SOCIAL   SURVEY 

The  following  are  the  steps  leading  up  to  the  taking  of  a 
City  Social  Survey: 

1.  Somebody  with  a  social  vision  sees  the  need. 

2.  Some  one  calls  a  meeting  for  the  purpose  of  starting 
the  survey. 

3.  The  purpose  of  the  survey  is  explained  and  plans  are 
presented  for  taking  it. 

4.  A  capable  chairman  for  the  entire  survey  is  chosen. 

5.  Strong  men  for  chairmen  of  the  various  committees 
are  selected. 

6.  The  method  of  investigation  is  decided  upon,  and  an 
outline  of  the  work  for  each  committee  to  investigate  is  of- 
fered to  the  respective  chairmen  of  the  various  committees. 

There  are  various  approaches  to  a  city  social  survey.  The 
following  methods  of  investigation  are  suggested: 

1.  One  method  is  to  take  a  given  neighborhood  in  the 
way  the  Buffalo  survey  took  its  Polish  district.'^ 

2.  A  modification  of  this  method  is  to  take  a  belt  run- 
ning through  the  town,  so  as  to  be  representative  of  good 
and  bad  conditions  alike,  the  well-to-do,  the  middle-to-do, 
and  the  poor — as  in  New  Haven. i^ 

3.  Another  method  is  to  take  a  block  and  to  study  its 
people  intensively  in  the  matter  of  their  social  needs  and 
the  resources  of  the  city  with  respect  to  them— as  certain 
New  York  city  blocks  have  been  studied. 

4.  In  contrast  with  these  methods,  which  consider  fairly 
small  areas  in  their  relation  to  a  wide  range  of  social  needs, 
another  partial  method  is  to  take  some  one  social  problem 
and  study  it  in  its  bearings  on  the  entire  community — such 
as  the  problem  of  recreation. 

5.  The  method  which  will  suit  most  cities  best,  is  the 

spaniels,  John,  Director  Buffalo's  Social  Survey,   "The  Social  Survey:  Its  Reasons, 
Methods,  and  Results,"  Con.  of  Char,  and  Cor.,  1910  Report,  p.  236. 

10  Kellogg,  "The  Spread  of  the  Social  Survey  Idea,"  Organization  for  Social  Work,  p.  7ff. 


60  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

quick-sizing-up  process  by  a  man  of  all-around  experience, 
to  see  how  the  land  lies  and  to  plant  what  the  civil  engiueer 
calls  "bench  marks"  at  points  of  vantage. ^^  This  method, 
however,  is  to  be  followed  by  intensive  surveys.  The  Pitts- 
burgh Survey,  conducted  by  the  Russell  Sage  Foundation, 
was  started  by  a  quick  diagnosis  of  perhaps  twenty  phases  of 
life  and  labor  in  the  steel  district,  on  the  basis  of  standards 
worked  out  elsewhere.  The  methods  used  thereafter,  which 
as  it  was  felt  at  the  close  of  the  survey  made  that  a  dis- 
tinctive enterprise,  are  indicated  by  the  following  .^^ 

(1)  To  bring  a  group  of  experts  together  to  cooperate  with 
local  leaders  in  gauging  the  social  needs  of  one  city.  (2)  To 
study  these  needs  in  relation  to  each  other  and  to  the  whole 
area  of  the  city.  (3)  To  consider  at  the  same  time  both 
civic  and  industrial  conditions,  and  to  consider  them  for 
the  most  part  in  their  bearings  upon  the  wage-earning  popu- 
lation. (4)  To  reduce  conditions  to  terms  of  household  ex- 
perience and  human  life.  (5)  To  devise  graphic  methods 
for  making  these  findings  clear  and  unmistakable,  and 
challenging  to  social  action. 

D.   METHOD  OF  A  GENERAL  RURAL  SURVEY 

The  method  followed  in  the  field  investigations  of  the 
Presbyterian  Department  of  Church  and  Country  Life  in 
general  has  been  as  follows  i^-^ 

1.  The  tow^nship  was  made  the  unit  of  study,  and  was 
called  a  "conmiunity." 

2.  The  investigators  were  carefully  selected,  being  either 
young  men  of  college  training  or  adults  of  seasoned  judg- 
ment. 

3.  Each  investigator  surveyed  in  person  the  conditions 
in  the  community  under  study.  Two  men  sometimes  worked 
together  in  the  same  community  on  different  problems,  but 


"Kellogg,  "The  Spread  of  the  Social  Survey  Idea,"  Organization  for  Social  Work,  p.  7ff. 
12  Kellogg,  "The  Social  Survey,"  The  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  PoUtical  Science, 
p.  3. 

"  Idem.     See  general  Rural  Surveys  in  Maryland,  Pennsylvania,  Tennessee,   Indiana, 
Missouri,  Arkansas,  Minnesota,  and  Ohio. 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        Gl 

where  certain  situations  were  complicated  they  worked  on 
the  same  problem  and  compared  notes. 

4.  The  investigator  would  spend  about  a  week  or  so  in 
each  township  or  community,  asking  specified  questions  of 
the  leaders  of  its  religious,  educational,  social,  and  political 
institutions,  and  making  house-to-house  visits  in  certain 
sections. 

5.  A  uniform  set  of  inquiries  was  used. 

6.  A  written  record  of  the  interviews,  including  the  in- 
vestigator's personal  observations,  formed  the  basis  for  his 
report  upon  the  conditions  existing  in  the  community. 

E.       METHOD  OF  A  DENOMINATIONAL  SURVEY 

The  Methodist  men  in  New  England  gathered  in  conven- 
tion, at  Boston,  on  November  last.  This  convention  made 
itself  somewhat  unique  in  that  it  based  its  entire  program 
upon  the  findings  of  a  scientific  survey  of  six  Annual  Con- 
ferences.   The  scope  of  this  survey  was  as  follows  i^^ 

1.  Growth  of  Methodism  during  the  past  century,  espe- 
cially as  to  membership,  the  ministry,  property  valuation, 
educational  institutions,  the  Epworth  League  and  the  Sun- 
day school. 

2.  Relation  of  Methodism  to  other  denominational  forces, 
including  general  comparisons  as  to  numerical  strength,  and 
work  among  the  various  church  federations. 

3.  Ministers'  salaries  of  each  Conference. 

4.  Sunday  school  efficiency,  especially  as  to  graded  sys- 
tem, separate  classrooms,  and  teacher  training  classes. 

5.  Status  of  students  in  Methodist  and  non-Methodist  in- 
stitutions. 

6.  "The  Melting  Pot"  of  New  England,  and  the  work  of 
the  church  regarding  it. 

7.  Work  in  world  Christianization — a  study  in  benev- 
olent offerings  and  missionary  education. 

8.  The  work  of  community  Christianization — a  study  in 

w  See  Dorion  (E.  C.  E.),  New  England  Methodism,  pp.  79ff.     1915. 


62  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

community  service  programs  of  moral  reform,  philanthropy, 
education,  and  recreation. 

9.  Church  efficiency  and  evangelism — a  study  in  the 
comparative  responsibility  of  Methodism  for  the  un- 
churched. 

The  sources  of  information  in  the  survey  were  as  follows : 

1.  Questionnaire  reports  from  local  pastors. 

2.  Special  questionnaire  reports  from  the  district  super- 
intendents. 

3.  Specifal  questionnaire  reports  from  colleges  and  uni- 
versities. 

4.  Church  minutes  and  year  books  of  various  denomina- 
tions. 

5.  U.  S.  Census  reports  and  miscellaneous  other  reports. 
G.     Special  Avorkers  on  the  field. 

7.  Information  and  suggestions  from  Methodism's 
leaders. 

The  Rev.  W.  H.  Slingerland,  secretary  of  the  Upper  Iowa 
Conference,  last  summer  was  engaged  in  the  direction  of 
the  field  work  of  a  Conference  rural  survey,  he  himself  being 
under  the  direction  of  the  Russell  Sage  Foundation.  In  a 
personal  letter  (April  17,  1914)  he  says: 

We  are  just  entering  upon  a  special  church  and  community  better- 
ment campaign  in  the  Upper  Iowa  Conference  to  last  three  months. 
It  will  begin  with  four  special  meetings  the  last  of  this  month  in 
the  principal  centers.  On  May  18,  a  series  of  one-day  stimulative 
and  practical  institutes  will  be  held  in  the  country  districts  and 
smaller  towns.  These  will  be  addressed  by  college  presidents,  up- 
to-date  pastors,  editors  of  agricultural  papers,  professors  in  our 
State  Agricultural  College,  and  others.  Our  Foundation  has  given 
me  a  month  or  two  to  assist  in  this  campaign,  in  connection  with 
which  I  am  to  direct  a  survey  of  the  rural  churches  of  the  entire 
Conference,  of  which  I  am  secretary. 

The  special  schedule  which  was  used  in  gathering  the  in- 
formation from  the  rural  communities — country  districts 
and  towns  of  less  than  2,500  population — will  be  found  in 
Appendix  C. 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY         63 

F.       METHOD    OF    A    GENERAL    FIELD    SURVEY 

The  Home  Missions  Council,  embracing  the  national  boards 
and  societies  administering  the  Home  Mission  work  of  the 
various  branches  of  the  Protestant  Church  in  the  United 
States,  is  engaged  in  an  extensive  survey  of  fifteen  of  the 
Western  States.  The  design  of  this  survey  is  to  collect  only 
outstanding  facts  and  reveal  general  conditions.  It  is  ex- 
pected this  extensive  survey  will  be  followed  in  each  State, 
in  each  county,  and  in  each  community  by  the  application  of 
the  more  intensive  methods  of  scientific  survey  which  have 
been  worked  out  in  the  older  and  more  poi^ulous  States.  The 
school  district  is  chosen  as  the  unit  of  investigation,  and  is 
organized.  The  returns  are  secured  by  corresi)ondence  with 
persons  in  immediate  touch  with  the  districts  reported.  The 
uniform  schedules  furnished  by  the  national  council  call 
for  the  following  facts :  the  population — total  and  school — 
and  nationality ;  conditions  of  travel ;  religious  work  carried 
on,  the  name  of  the  denomination,  whether  or  not  there  was  a 
pastor,  church  building,  resident  membership,  Bible  school ; 
and  whether  there  were  any  social,  fraternal,  or  improve- 
ment organizations.  If  no  religious  work  was  being  done, 
the  person  reporting  was  asked  to  state  the  denominational 
preference  of  the  community,  i^ 

16  The  Home  Missions  Council,  Special  Committee,  "Report  on  the  Religious  and  Social 
Conditions,"  Bulletin,  1  (February,  1913). 


CHAPTER  III 
SURVEY  STATISTICS 

1.     Classification  of  Material 

'  Following  the  investigation  is  the  classification  of  the 
material  gathered — the  putting  of  it  into  such  shape  as  will 
most  usefully  impart  information. 

The  writer  has  used  the  plan  of  having  one  person  read 
the  schedules  while  the  other  keeps  tally  on  a  self-adding 
tally  sheet.  The  following  is  a  sample  self-adding  tally  sheet 
made  in  correspondence  with  the  schedules  used  in  the 
house-to-house  canvass  as  shown  in  No.  3  above; 

A.  Religious 


Items 


5  10  15  20        Etc.      Total 


Classification — 

Affiliated  Protestant .  . 
Nominally  Protestant. 

Catholic 

Jewish 

Colored .  .  , 

Other 

Unbaptized — 

Adults , . .  , 

Children 

Church  Relationship — 
Our  Membership: 

Local 

Elsewhere 

Formerly 

Other  Membership: 

Local 

Elsewhere 

Formerly 

Preferences — 

Our  Denomination .  .  . 
Our  Congregation .  .  . 

Other  Denominations , 
Other  Congregations. . 


64 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        65 

(A.  Religious — Continued) 


Items 

5 

10 

15 

20 

Etc. 

Total 

Vacant .  .  . 
Absent.  .  . 
Refused.  . 

B.  Social 

Foreign- 
Birth  

Parents 

Language  (in  home) .  . 
Non-English  Speaking . 

Unnaturalized 

(Eligible) 


Affiliations — 

Lodge 

Union 

Club.  .  .  .  .  . 

Association , 


C.  Economic 


Breadwinners- 
Professional  , 
Business .  .  . 
Mechanics.  . 
Laborers.  .  . 


Sunday  Work. 
Night  Work .  . 


Property  Owners- 
Settled  

Unsettled 


Renters 


The  following  is  a  list  of  those  items  requiring  individual 
tally  sheets: 

Denominations — Affiliations  and  Preferences. 

Reasons  for  Non-Church  Attendance. 

Nationalities. 

Languages  used  in  Home. 

Amusements. 

Housing  Conditions  (Good,  Fair,  Bad,  etc.). 

Occupations  (Family  Head). 

Hours  of  Labor. 


66  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

The  religious  information  should  be  classified  for  each 
department  of  the  church  work — for  pastor  and  personal 
workers,  the  Sunday  school  teachers,  for  the  brotherhood 
or  men's  clubs,  etc.  Duplicate  cards  should  be  made  for 
each  department  and  an  index  file  furnished  the  respective 
departments  for  the  same.  These  cards  will  do  much  for 
envisaging  each  separate  task,  and  revealing  its  opportuni- 
ties. The  great  advantage  of  such  a  file  is  that,  when  any 
department  wishes  to  reach  the  parties  whose  records  it 
holds,  it  can  do  so  readily.  Personal  workers  by  all  means 
should  have  such  a  file  index  preliminary  to  an  evangelistic 
campaign. 

Of  a  certain  religious  census  which  was  conducted  under 
the  direction  of  the  writer,  preliminary  to  a  union  evan- 
gelistic campaign  in  which  thirty  churches  participated  and 
about  one  hundred  and  fifty  canvassers  gathered  the  in- 
formation, a  pastor  of  one  of  the  largest  churches  of  the 
city  said:  "If  I  had  to  choose  between  another  union  evan- 
gelistic campaign  without  the  kind  of  information  which 
was  classified  and  turned  over  to  my  church,  and  no  union 
evangelistic  campaign,  but  furnished  this  classified  informa- 
tion, I  would  choose  the  latter."  One  hundred  and  ninety- 
eight  additions  were  made  to  the  church  membership  during 
that  same  Conference  year — many  of  whom  were  located 
through  this  city-wide  religious  census. 

After  the  material  has  been  classified  it  is  ready  to  be 
grouped  for  comparisons,  usually  by  the  use  of  percentages. 
The  common  metliod  of  expressing  vital  statistics  is  by 
rates;  as,  the  birth  rate,  the  death  rate,  and  the  marriage 
rate.  Deaths,  for  instance,  may  be  expressed  in  one  of  two 
ways — by  saying  one  out  of  40  of  the  population  died  during 
the  year,  or  25  per  1,000  died  during  the  year.  The  most 
common  device  in  statistics  for  making  the  figures  expres- 
sive, next  to  the  per  cent  and  j)er  mille  arrangement,  is  to 
take  the  average.  "The  average  is  the  short  expression  for 
the  general  truth  underlying  the  diversity  of  plienomena" ; 
and,  in  determining  the  average,  "it  is  sometimes  permis- 


IN  EELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        67 

sible  to  drop  out  extreme  cases  where  they  can  be  distin- 
guished."^ 

Another  useful  device  in  common  use  among  statisticians 
but  not  yet  consciously  introduced  into  common  parlance, 
is  the  "mode.''  It  is  defined  as  "the  position  of  greatest 
density/'  or  "the  position  of  the  maximum  ordinate/'  or 
"the  rate  that  is  predominant"^ — in  other  words,  it  is  that 
which  is  the  vogue,  the  most  usual  occurrence,  the  common 
thing.  When  w^e  speak,  for  instance,  of  an  average  wage, 
we  usually  mean  the  model  wage.  If,  again,  knowing  the 
wages  paid  to  a  few  men  in  each  occupation  in  an  in- 
dustr}^,  and  it  is  desired  to  ascertain  the  average  wage  for 
that  industry,  we  multiply  the  average  wage  found  for  each 
occupation  by  the  number  of  men  engaged  in  that  occupa- 
tion, summate  the  results,  and  divide  the  sum  by  the  total 
number  of  men  employed  in  the  industry,  we  determine  what 
is  known  as  a  iveighted  average.^ 

2.     Tabulation  op  Material 

The  following  are  some  good  boiled-down  rules  to  be  ob- 
served before  beginning  to  make  tabulations  :'* 

1.  There  usually  should  be  as  many  different  tables  as  there  are 
distinct  groups   of  statistics  to  be  compared. 

2.  There  should  be  as  many  separate  headings  as  will  properly 
emphasize  the  main  facts  and  tendencies  shown  by  the  statistics — 
while  those  whose  columns  are  to  be  compared  should  be  adjacent 
to  each  other. 

3.  There  should  be  precision  in  the  stating  of  titles  and  subhead- 
ings of  all  tables. 

4.  There  should  be  a  practically  perfect  form  of  table  before  any 
statistics  are  entered. 

5.  There  should  be,  whenever  tables  are  large,  instead  of  solid 
horizontal  lines  of  figures  and  rules,  after  every  fifth  line  or  so,  a 
blank  line,  as  a  guide  to  the  eye. 

6.  There  should  be  accuracy  as  to  every  item  and  figure  in  all  the 
tables — a  check  on  the  original  entries,  the  totals  (by  adding  items 


1  Smith,  Sociology  and  Statistics,  p.  23. 

^2  Bowley,  Elements  of  Statistics,  p.  119. 

^  Ibid,  (discussion),  pp.  111-118. 

*  Cf.  King,  Elements  of  Statistical  Method,  chap.  ix. 


68 


THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 


both  in  vertical  columns  and  in  horizontal  lines),  the  percentages 
(by  adding  together  to  see  that  the  sum  equals  100  per  cent),  and 
on  all  arithmetical  operations. 

A  table  formed  by  dividing  a  group  into  a  number  of 
smaller,  more  homogeneous  classes,  and  indicating  the  num- 
ber of  items  to  be  found  in  each  class,  is  known  as  a  "fre- 
quency table";  and  the  number  of  items  falling  within  a 
given  class  constitutes  the  size  of  that  class  or  its  frequency.^ 

The  following  is  a  frequency  table  showing  comparative 
weekly  wages  of  males  in  each  of  three  mission  territories — 
both  absolute  and  percentage  frequencies  being  given. 


A  Frequency  Table  op  Wages 


Wages  per  Week 

People's 

Saint  James 

Epworth 

No. 

% 

No. 

% 

No. 

% 

$6 .  00  to  $8 .  99 

20 
52 
32 
12 
4 
4 

16 

42 

25 

9 

2 

2 

16 
64 
20 
8 
20 

12 
50 
16 
6 
16 

16 
64 
32 
20 

i 

4 

10 

9.00  to  11.99 

12.00  to  14.99 

15.00  to  17.99 

43 
22 
13 

18.00  to  20.99 

5 

21.00  to  23.99 

5 

24  00  and  over 

2 

Total 

124 

100 

128 

100 

152 

100 

N.  B. — It  will  be   readily  noticed    that   information   of    this    character  is 
difficult  to  be  obtained. 


Tables  of  historical  absolute  statistics  are  often  reduced  to 
relative  numbers.  This  process  is  well  exemplified  in  the 
prices  and  wages  tables  prepared  annually  by  the  U.  S. 
Bureau  of  Labor.  One  hundred  is  taken  is  a  basis  of  compu- 
tation. The  average  of  the  middle  ten  out  of  a  twenty-year 
period,  for  example,  is  the  number  represented  by  100.  The 
relative  number  for  each  year  is  relative  to  this;  that  is, 


6  Ibid.,  p.  98ff. 


CHART  II 
Percentage  Frequency  Graph  sLawing  the  comparative  weekly  wages  in  three  Mission  Territories 

H 


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,-  Peoples  Chapel. 

■  St.  James. 

"""■"'    .Cp worth. 


70  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

equal  to,  above,  or  below  100,  proportionately.  The  average 
of  the  whole  group,  to  determine  the  value  of  100,  may 
likewise  be  used  rather  than  the  average  of  a  part  of  the 
group. 

From  these  relative  numbers,  a  chart  may  be  plotted  show- 
ing the  general  trend  of  a  large  number  of  variables  con- 
sidered jointly. 

To  overcome  the  fluctuations  of  a  curve  drawn  on  the  basis 
of  absolute  numbers  or  even  relative  numbers,  a  method  con- 
sisting of  a  mechanical  process  known  as  "smoothing"  is 
often  used.^  By  this  method,  the  abnormal  depressions  are 
slightly  increased  and  the  abnormal  increases  are  slightly 
decreased.  The  result  is  a  curve  indicating  the  general 
trend.  To  specifically  illustrate:  Beginning  with  the  first 
year's  relative  figures,  five  years  are  averaged,  and  that 
average  adopted  for  the  smooth  number  for  the  third  year. 
Then  beginning  with  the  second  year,  five  years  are  again 
averaged  and  the  result  adopted  as  the  number  for  the 
fourth  year.  Thus  the  entire  column  of  relative  figures  is 
retabulated  on  the  basis  of  five-year  averages.  This  pro- 
cess mechanically  avoids  the  abnormal  increase  and  the 
abnormal  decrease  and  indicates  the  smoothed  general 
trend. 

By  taking  an  odd  number  of  figures  to  determine  the 
average,  as  five  or  seven,  the  moving  average  may  always  be 
plotted  opposite  the  central  item  of  the  group.  Beginning 
with  the  first  relative  number  for  the  first  number  in  the 
moving  average  group,  the  second  may  be  determined  on  a 
three-year  basis — likewise,  in  determining  the  last  two  mov- 
ing averages,  a  three-year  basis  may  be  taken. 

The  following  table  shows  the  church  membership  record 
of  St.  James  Church,  Denver,  in  absolute  numbers,  relative 
numbers,  five-year  "smoothed"  numbers,  and  relative  five- 
year  "smoothed"  averages  for  the  twentj^-year  period,  1893- 
1913 : 


"  Bowley,  Elements  of  Statistics,  p.  151. 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        71 

N.  B.— Average  for  years  1900-1909  (206.7  taken  as  100). 

Relative 

Conference                           Absolute  Relative  Smoothed  Smoothed 

Year                               Numbers  Numbers  Numbers  Averages 

1892—1893 233  83  233  113 

1894 188  66  202  98 

1895 185  65  241  117 

1896  311  110  251  126 

1897  288  102  273  132 

1898  ..., 281  99  294  142 

1899  298  106  294  142 

1899—1900  293  104  286  136 

1901  310  109  290  146 

1902  249  88  278  138 

1903  302  107  264  128 

1904  239  88  224  109 

1905  220  78  200  98 

1906  108  35  167  81 

1907  131  46  139  67 

1908  137  45  110  *  53 

1909  94  35  110  53 

1910  84  30  97  46 

1911  109  38  79  36 

1912  75  26  75  36 

1913  45  ...  45  21 


3.     Demonstration  and  Interpretation 

The  results  disclosed  by  tabnlatiou  are  seldom  fully  re- 
vealed by  a  glance.  Figures  at  best  are  not  easy  things  for 
the  mind  to  grasp  and  hold  long  enough  for  purposes  of 
comparison.  Often  they  are  practically  meaningless  when 
read  to  an  audience.  Therefore,  much  of  the  value  of  a  table 
is  left  to  accompanying  charts,  and  a  written  analysis  which 
points  out  the  principal  conclusions  which  may  be  drawn, 
and  an  estimate  of  the  probable  causes  of  social  phenomena. 
"The  power  to  analyze  a  table,  interpret  the  results  correctly, 
and  state  the  conclusions  lucidly  and  succinctly  is  one  of 
the  characteristics  indispensable  to  a  good  statistician"; 
and,  in  turn,  it  can  be  said  that  to  make  the  meaning  of 
masses  of  figures  clear  and  comprehensible  at  a  glance  is  the 
chief  aim  of  statistical  science. 


CHART  III 

Chart  showing  the  comparative  absolute  trend  of  Church  membership  and  Sunday  School 
enrollment — Grace  and  St.  James — for  twenty-year  period,  1893-1913 

Grace: 
mmm^  Church  Membership. 
mm  mSSLnrollment 
St.James: 

Church  l^embershif^ 

S.S.Lnrollment. 


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SMO 

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74 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        75 

A.       GRAPHS    AND    DIAGRAMS 

The  following  are  some  simple  rules  for  coustruction  of 
graphs : 

1.  The  axes  should  be  ruled  in  heavy  black  lines. 

2.  The  scale  must  include  all  your  items  and  at  the  same  time 
fit  the  paper.  The  difference  between  the  highest  number  and  the 
lowest  number  among  all  the  items  will  determine  the  number  of 
divisions  to  be  made  on  the  scale.  The  lowest  number  on  the  scale 
will  nearly  correspond  to  the  lowest  number  among  the  items, 
while  the  highest  number  among  the  items  will  fall  near  the 
highest  number  on  the  scale. 

3.  In  plotting  curves,  use  the  quadruple  ruled  paper.  Mark  off  the 
scale  in  round  numbers  (as  5,  10,  15),  or  in  some  other  numbers 
which  are  readily  applicable  to  the  number  of  items.  Never  num- 
ber the  scale  simply  to  agree  with  the  numbers  given  in  the  table. 

4.  Graphs  should,  in  general,  cover  the  main  part  of  the  sheet  of 
paper  used.  They  should  be  on  a  large  enough  scale  to  bring  out 
such  details  as  are  desired,  but  a  graph  small  enough  to  be  taken 
in  at  a  glance  is  preferable,  for  most  purposes,  to  one  of  greater 
size.^ 

In  drawing  comparative  graphical  figures,  the  following 
geometrical  propositions  and  corollaries  must  be  observed  :^ 

Parallelograms  having  equal  bases  are  to  each  other  as  their 
altitudes.— B.   IV,  P.   iv,   C.   2. 

Two  rectangles  are  to  each  other  as  the  product  of  their  bases 
by  their  altitudes.— B.  IV,  P.  ii. 

Triangles  having  equal  bases  are  to  each  other  as  their  altitudes. 
— B.  IV,  P.  V,  C.  2. 

The  areas  of  two  circles  are  to  each  other  as  the  squares  of  their 
radii.— B.  V,  P.  xi,  C.  3. 

When  determining  the  comparative  sizes  of  plane  figures, 
let  the  size  of  the  third  number  of  a  proportion  stand  as 
10.  For  instance,  in  determining  the  size  of  the  radius  of 
a  second  circle,  make  the  first  radius  stand  for  ten.  Then 
the  formula  for  finding  the  radius  of  the  second  circle  is 
as  follows: 

First  area :   second  area  : :   100  rx^. 


7  Cf.  King,  The  Elements  of  Statistical  Method,  p.  119. 

8  Wentworth,  Plane  Geometry. 


76  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

In  all  figures  showing  area,  the  dimensions  must  vary  as 
the  square  roots  of  the  areas,  while  if  volumes  are  to  be 
shown,  the  dimensions  must  vary  as  the  cube  roots  of  the 
contents. 

B.       SUGGESTED    CITY    CHARTS 

The  following  is  a  list  of  suggestions  for  city  survey 
charts  offered  by  the  Commission  on  Church  and  Social 
Service  of  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in 
America,  grouped  together  into  a  single  convenient  list : 

1.  Population — charts  showing  proportion  of  nationali- 
ties, and  increase  or  decrease  of  population  in  last 
decade. 

2.  Church  Life — charts  showing  ratio  of  churches  to  pop- 
ulation; church  membership  and  Sunday  school  enrollment 
to  population ;  and  church  attendance  to  population  and  to 
church  membership. 

3.  Education — charts  showing  proportion  of  children  out 
of  school  to  population  of  school  age;  and  people  reached 
by  facilities  for  popular  education  to  entire  population  above 
school  age. 

4.  Recreation — charts  showing  the  population  capacity 
of  recreation  provided  by  the  community,  religious  agencies, 
and  private  organizations;  and  listing  the  institutions  and 
agencies  of  the  community  affecting  the  social  life  of  child- 
hood and  youth  listed  in  three  parallel  columns  headed 
"healthful,  harmful,  doubtful." 

5.  Health — charts  showing  the  death  rate  from  various 
groups  of  diseases ;  contagious,  bad  air,  infant,  etc. ;  in  what 
section  the  death  rate  from  these  diseases  is  greatest ;  what 
proportion  of  infants  die  before  one  year;  before  five  years 
of  age;  and  per  capita  expenditures  for  health  compared 
with  expenditures  for  j)rotection  from  fire,  for  police,  educa- 
tion, etc. 

6.  Housing — charts  showing  density  of  population  in  ihe 
most  crowded  section  compared  with  other  sections ;  and  the 
number  of  people  in  the  most  crowded  rooms  compared  with 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        77 

the  number  in  the  average  home ;  with  pictures  of  the  worst 
homes. 

7.  Labor — charts  showing  the  proportion  of  those  work- 
ing more  than  ten  hours  to  those  working  less ;  the  same  for 
eight  hours;  the  same  for  seven  days'  work;  the  minimum 
living  standards  for  a  family  of  five,  and  the  proportion  of 
male  wage  earners  getting  less  than  this  amount;  and  the 
same  for  single  women. 

8.  Immigrant — charts  showing  the  proportion  of  immi- 
grant population  to  Protestant  church  membership;  Prot- 
estant church  provision  for  immigrant  groups;  and  intel- 
lectual and  social  points  of  contact  between  the  community, 
and  the  immigrant  and  their  relation  to  population  needs. 

9.  Charities — charts  showing  the  comparison  of  the 
amount  of  relief  work  done  by  churches  to  that  done  by  pri- 
vate agencies,  by  public  institutions,  and  relief  agencies  of 
all  kinds  and  their  interrelations. 

10.  Delinquency — photographs  showing  the  interior  of 
jail,  police  station  or  lock-up ;  how  prisoners  pass  their  time 
by  hours ;  and  the  proportion  of  probationers  reclaimed. 

11.  Public  Morals — charts  showing  comparisons  between 
the  number  of  churches  and  saloons ;  the  number  of  churches 
and  houses  of  prostitution ;  and  the  attendances  on  churches 
and  that  of  picture  shows  and  theaters. 

12.  Civics — charts  showing  in  one  column  a  statement  of 
things  desired  for  community  improvement,  in  the  other  the 
name  and  title  of  the  official  responsible. 

13.  General — charts  outlining  broadly  for  social  needs  of 
the  community,  showing  in  one  column  the  various  depart- 
ments of  social  service,  in  another  column  the  agencies  at 
work  in  that  community,  and  in  the  third  column  the  urgent 
needs  that  yet  remain  to  be  met. 

C.       SUGGESTIONS   FOR  RURAL  CHARTS 

Another  very  interesting  list  of  suggestions  for  charts  is 
that  offered  by  Prof.  J.  F.  Jenkins,  of  the  University  of 


78  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

Michigan — suggestions  for  rural  surveys.    Summarized  and 
classified  they  are  as  follows: 

1.  The  Community — mai)  showing  all  roads  and  radial 
limits  of  the  village,  and  locating  every  farm  home  by  a 
round  black  dot  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

2.  The  Village — a  separate  map  of  the  village  locating  all 
homes  by  the  same  black  dots  as  were  used  for  the  farms. 

3.  Total  Socialization — map  showing  all  the.  organiza- 
tions in  the  community ;  each  organization  on  the  map  shown 
in  a  different  color  by  little  round  seals  made  out  of  colored 
paper. 

4.  The  School — map  showing  the  number  of  homes  having 
some  children  of  graded  school  age  not  in  school,  and  those 
homes  where  all  the  children  are  in  school. 

5.  Tenants  and  Owners — map  made  by  fixing  to  the 
larger  map  seals  of  one  color  for  tenants  and  of  another  color 
for  owners  occupying  each  farm. 

6.  The  Sunday  School — map  showing  which  homes  have 
children  going  to  school  but  not  to  Sunday  school,  and 
which  have  children  all  going  to  Sunday  school. 

7.  Newspapers — map  showing  in  what  homes  newspapers 
circulate. 

8.  Community  Festivals — map  showing  the  yearly  round 
of  community  festivals  and  other  events. 

9.  Homes  using  Library — map  showing  how  many  homes 
use  the  library. 

10.  Childless  Homes — chart  indicating  the  homes  with 
and  without  children. 

11.  Foreign  Born  and  Hired  Help — maps  showing  the 
proportion  of  foreign  born,  and  the  percentage  of  hired  help. 

12.  Combination  maps  showing  the  relation  of  one  set  of 
facts  w^ith  another  set. 

D.       SOME  PRACTICAL   SUGGESTIONS   FOR  CITY  AND  RURAL  CHARTS 

On  the  following  pages  will  be  found  several  practical  sug- 
gestions for  charts.    These  are  selected  from  various  reports 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        70 

of  surveys  made  in  Denver,  by  the  writer,  during  the  years 
1913  and  1914. 

The  originals  for  nearly  all  charts  in  this  work  were  made 
in  colors,  which  presented  a  more  satisfactory  effect  than 
the  black  and  white  drawings,  necessarily  substituted  here. 


CV2 
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CO 


CHART  VII:  A  BLUNDER  IN  CHURCH  LOCATION 

Chart  showing  the  extent  of  duplicated  territory  in  the  (new)  Simpson-Hess  (old)  field  and 

the  number  of  affiliated  homes  each  church  has  located  East  and  West  from  the 

North  and  South  streets  respectively 


81 


CHART  VIII:    ST.  JAMES  AND  NEIGHBORHOOD  CHURCHES 

13 


.  Proporiionol   distance  to 

f^.E.  Churches 
Other    Froiestonl  Churches 

Fy  Blocks. 


'IS 


82 


CHART  IX 

Chart  showing  to  what  extent  expansion  of  the  downtown  business  district  is  a  serious  prob- 
lem in  People's  and  St.  James'  territories 


©      ©©' 


®© 


X 


© 


0 


83 


84 


CHART  XII 

Chart  showing  the  comparison  between  the  number  of  churches  and  the 

number  of  saloons  in  the  St.  James-People's  Territory 


4 

SAU 

Ooo 

7 

ONS 

\ 

/ 

01URCHES 

CHART  XIII 

Chart  showing  what  furnishes  the  amusements  in  St.  James  Territory- 
city,  church,  club,  union,  lodge 


C/iurcfi 


85 


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88 


CHART  XX 

Chart  showing  the  comparative  denominational  strength  according  to  homes  in  St.  James 

Church  and  Epworth  Mission  Territories 


St  ilamp^ lEpwnrth 


1= 


CHRlSjm. 


BAPTiSJ 


SaCONGRmilONAL. 
] CHRISTIAN    SCIENCE. 
3Pf?KByTERIAN. 

LUTHERAN 


OTHERS, 


3)  St  Zf  ZO  /i 


'^  Zo  Si-  30 


CHART   XXI 

Chart  showing  the  strength  of  nationalities,  according  to  homes  in 
St.  James  Territory 


30 


I  •■  f\n\er\cojn 

KEY: 

YL-  ScoUh^ 

11  \jermQr\ 

Iff:  frenck 

Ilnsh 

W-'^ussian. 

IF.-  Swed/sh 

IK:  Swiss. 

Y- English 

J:  Others. 

X 


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a 


CHART  XXIV:    A  BLUNDER  IN  CHURCH  SALE 

Chart  showing  the  Sacrifice  Made  in  the  Disposal  of  the  Old  Simpson 

Methodist  Property  in  1909 


Historical  Notes: 
1910— Property  sold  for  $3,200 — $8,732  below  actual  cost  of  property,  and  $32  less 

than  amount  paid  in  interest  alone. 
1911 — ^A  new  building  in  a  new  location — $500  donated  by  Church  Extension  Society. 


CHART  XXV 

Chart  Showing  the  percentage  of  Simpson 
and  Hess  Methodist  homes  to  the  total 
number  of  homes,  within  and  with- 
out the  territory,  located 
in  Denver 


CHART  XXVI 

Chart  showing  the  comparison  between  the  Sun- 
day School  enrollment  and  Sunday  School 
attendance  at  Epworth  Mission 


^  HESS  HOMK  IN  nRRlTORY. 

^  SWPSOH  HOMfS  IN  TLRRnORY. 

ED  HKS  mm  OUT  or  JtRRUORY 

CD  SWSOH  HOMK  WT  or  TfRRlTORr 


91 


CHART  XXVII 

Suggestive  map  of  a  Rural  Community  Siirvey 


Key  to  mat)   \^ith  sv<jqestions 
0  Church  with  resident  minister 
@  Church  without  resident  ministen 
Q  Church  \N it h  out    rnmisten 
M  Church  wthout   services. 
A  foreign    Speakincj  Church. 
R. Minister's    residence. 


D: 


J) 

y  same  mmistet-. 


G. (G  rowinj)  S(StQndin(j)  L  (Lo  sinq 
~  ~  Connects  churches  served  Id 

X  School  house 

^Sunday  School  held  at    School  house 

Numerals  wicjht  be  blaced  alonoside  th 
above   si(^nals  as  indices  to  name  of 
church  Qs  footnote. 

Distribuiion  offorc'iQn  pojoulat/'on 
rni^ht  he  indicdted  by  q  colored 
Cit-cle,'^dif.  color  for  cuch  f^ro 
minent  notional itv- one  Popeac 
hundred  /^ersons. 
Home  made  dtf  shaded  one! 
colored  f^aper  seals  m'ljht 
iohtituied  or  used  to 

tend  the  above  Ke 


reQardincf'addiVonQf 
tiata    obdvt  the 


*^ 


;7 


/' 


h|> 


n 


1.  [^zjmmj, 

Z.  COHCRZCMmM. 


3.  B/IPT/ST. 


92 


CHAPTER  IV 

CONSERVATION  OF  SURVEY  RESULTS 

"A  SURVEY  for  a  survey's  sake  is  as  useless  au  undertaking 
as  the  act  of  a  vain  man  sitting  for  his  photograph  in  order 
that  he  may  hang  it  in  his  own  study.  But  a  survey  which 
leads  to  active  'follow  up'  work  is  as  practical  as  the  work 
of  a  forester  who  surveys  the  timber  before  the  lumberman 
begins  to  work."i 

1.     FoLLow-up  Plans  for  Recruiting  Cfiurch  Membership 

Each  pastor  is  provided  with  an  index  box  containing  all 
the  cards  of  Protestant  homes  located  in  his  respective  terri- 
tory. These  are  arranged  in  alphabetical  order,  according 
to  streets  and  avenues,  and  again  in  numerical  order  for 
each  street.  In  addition,  by  use  of  a  colored  signal  index 
system,  the  homes  are  grouped  according  to  the  various  kinds 
of  church,  or  no  church,  relationships  for  the  convenience 
of  the  respective  pastors  and  their  personal  workers.  The 
color  signals  are  made  from  strips  of  light  cardboard.  Each 
color  is  pasted  in  the  same  relative  position  on  all  cards  for 
which  the  color  stands.  This  arranging  can  easily  be  done 
by  placing  a  guide,  like  the  accompanying  chart,  before  one 
as  the  pasting  is  being  done.  Often  a  card  will  have  more 
than  a  single  signal. 

Each  card  is  followed  up  with  a  pastoral  call.  The  name 
and  address  are  then  passed  on  to  a  visiting  committee  and 
soon  the  home  is  again  called  upon.  A  cordial  invitation  is 
extended  to  take  advantage  of  the  privileges  and  oppor- 
tunities afforded  by  the  church.  Assurance  is  given  that 
the  church  is  interested  in  every  member  of  the  household 
and  that  a  cordial  welcome  awaits  them  whenever  they 
should  decide  to  unite  in  the  fellowship  of  the  church.  Visits 
may  be  repeated,  supplemented  by  church  notices  and  let- 

1  Stone,  "Value  of  Church  Community  Survey,"  Survey,  XXIX^March  22,  1913),  p.  877. 

93 


CHART  XXVIII 


DENVER  CHURCH    MEMBERSHIP. 


RED 


CHURCH  MEMBERSHIP  ELSEWHERE. 


GREEN 


CHURCH    MEMBERS    FORMERLY- 


LMENDd 


OUR   CHURCH  PREFERRED. 


OlhLR  CHURCH  PREEERRED. 


NON-CHURCH    /ATTENDANTS 


ORAHGE 


BROWN 


PINK 


NON-SUNDAY  SCHOOL   /ITTCNOANTS.  PI^^PLE 


NO  CHURCH    PREFERENCE. 


PROFESSIONAL  or  BUSINFSS  HOMES. 


PROPERTY    OWHERS. 


GREY 


BLUE 


BLm 


COLOR  SIGNAL  INDEX  SYSTEM 

For  Protestant  Schedules. 


94 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY 


95 


ters,  together  with  any  other  little  attentions  that  might 
easily  be  given.  If  the  workers  do  not  at  once  get  satisfactory 
results,  yet  with  patience  and  perseverance  they  will  one 
day  find  the  heart  doors  ajar  and  win  them  to  the  Saviour 
and  his  church. 

Each  card  has  a  file  number.  A  record  book  correspond- 
ing to  the  various  file  numbers  should  be  kept  containing  a 
report  of  all  personal  work  done  and  the  subsequent  results 
of  the  follow-up  work. 

The  Rev.  Howard  Goldie,  the  efficient  Methodist  pastor  at 
La  Junta,  Colorado,  following  a  religious  census  of  the  com- 
munity, is  carrying  out  the  following  plan : 

A  set  of  cards  were  prepared  for  the  four  great  organizations 
under  the  church,  setting  forth  in  a  few  words  the  purposes  of  the 
organization  and  an  invitation  to  join;  then  in  blank  spaces  at  the 
top  of  the  card  the  name  of  the  person  to  be  interviewed  and  at 
the  bottom  the  name  of  the  member  of  the  committee  who  was  to 
see  him,  also  a  place  for  the  date  of  interview  and  the  date  of  se- 
curing his  membership,  while  across  the  end  of  the  card  was  an 
agreement  to  join  and  a  place  for  the  candidate  to  sign.  .  .  .  Fol- 
low-up cards  which  go  out  with  a  first  committee  and  are  returned 
without  securing  the  party  indicated  shall  go  out  a  second  time 
with  a  new  committee  and  thus  repeatedly  emphasize  the  church's 
interest  as  well  as  insure  a  greater  return  in  the  end.- 

The  following  is  a  sample  of  one  of  the  follow-up  cards : 


iW.  €.  ^unJjap  ^tijool 


Street  and  No. 


Your  name  was  secured  in  our  recent  census  as  favoring  the  Methodist 
Church.  We  wish  at  once  to  interest  you  in  our  Sunday  school.  We  have 
classes  for  all  ages  and  grades  from  the  babies  to  our  gray -haired  friends. 
We  aim  to  give  a  practical  knowledge  of  the  Bible  from  our  studies  and 
many  happy  and  helpful  things  for  the  social  and  spiritual  life.  Come 
with  us. 
Interviewed M 


Member  S.  S.  Com. 


2  Goldie,  "Efficiency  by  Practice,"  Central  Christian  Advocate,  April  22,  1914. 


9G  THE  COMMUNITY  SUKVEY 

2.  Follow-up  Plans  for  Local  Community  Service 

The  plan  of  conserving  the  results  of  the  communit}'  sur- 
vey should  be  larger  than  that  for  the  mere  recruiting  of 
membership. 

1.  All  of  the  material  prepared  in  connection  with  the 
survey  should  be  i) resented  to  the  members  of  the  church 
or  churches,  in  the  most  etfective  manner  possible. 

2.  A  general  statement  of  conditions,  including  the  maps 
— the  community  photographs — with  a  list  of  recommenda- 
tions, should  be  given.  No  one  can  go  away  from  such  a 
study  of  the  church  and  the  community  in  their  various  as- 
pects without  having  his  views  modified  and  enlarged. 

3.  Make  a  canvass  of  the  men  and  women  of  the  church 
with  a  view  to  finding  out  what  they  are  doing,  or  are  willing 
to  do,  in  active  service;  and  endeavor  to  relate  every  one  con- 
nected with  the  church  to  some  definite  task  in  the  church, 
in  the  community  or  in  the  city. 

3.  Follow-up  Plans  for  City-Wide  Social  Service 

A  typical  demonstration  for  conserving  the  results  of  a 
city  social  survey  is  that  offered  by  the  Syracuse  Survey 
made  in  1912  under  the  direction  of  Shelby  M.  Harrison  of 
the  Russell  Sage  Foundation.    The  plans  were  as  follows : 

On  Sunday  morning,  a  sermon  was  delivered  on  the  civic  respon- 
sibilities of  citizenship.  On  Monday  exercises  were  held  in  the 
public  school,  the  main  feature  being  the  reading  of  prize  essays 
written  by  the  children  of  the  schools  on  "How  to  Make  Syracuse 
a  Better  City."  On  the  other  afternoons  throughout  the  week,  con- 
ferences on  concrete  local  problems  were  held  in  one  of  the  chambers 
of  the  county  court  house. 

Evening  mass  meetings  were  held  where  the  survey  reports  were 
read  from  the  platform;  and  speakers  from  out  of  the  city  pointed 
the  moral  of  local  findings  from  the  vantage  point  of  a  national 
perspective.  Several  of  the  reports  were  reproduced  in  full  by  the 
press.  Further  publicity  for  the  facts  was  gained  through  the 
exhibit  of  maps,  charts,  and  diagrams  showing  graphically  the 
kernel  of  each  report.^ 


3  Harrison,  "A  Social  Survey  of  a  Typical  American  City,"  Proceedings  of  the  Academy 
of  Political  Science,  V.  II,  No.  4  (July,  1912),  p.  29. 


CHAPTER  V 

RECOMMENDATIONS  FOR  A  COMMUNITY  SERVICE 

PROGRAM 

1.    A  Local  Program 

The  following  are  some  recommendations  offered  to  the 
local  church  for  carrjdng  out  a  program  of  community  serv- 
ice: 

First.  Conduct  a  house-to-house  religious  canvass,  under 
the  direction  of  the  pastor,  by  personal  and  Sunday  school 
workers. 

Second.  Make  a  card  catalog  of  the  families  of  the 
whole  community,  and  arrange  the  cards  according  to  the 
color  signal  index  system  above. 

Third.  Make  a  community  social  survey  into  the  local 
population ;  the  religious  life  and  work  of  the  neighborhood 
churches ;  the  life  and  work  of  the  social  organizations ;  the 
business  life  and  work  of  the  industrial  or  commercial  or- 
ganizations; the  moral  life,  the  recreational  life,  the  educa- 
tional life,  and  the  general  community  life. 

Fourth.  Plan  definitely  for  the  boys  and  girls  of  the  com- 
munity, by  such  as  boys'  and  girls'  clubs,  and  Boy  Scouts 
and  Camp-Fire  Girls. 

Fifth.  Plan  definitely  the  direction  of  the  amusement  and 
recreational  needs  of  the  young  j)eople. 

Sixth.  Present  the  social  needs  of  the  community  to 
your  own  church. 

Seventh.  Co-operate  with  neighborhood  churches  in  car- 
rying out  your  program  of  community  service. 

2.     A  Rural  Program 

The  following  are  a  few  suggestions  as  to  the  particular 

97 


98  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

things  which  the  country  church,  especially,  may  do  in  be- 
half of  local  community  welfare. 

First.  Study  the  general  country  life  of  the  community, 
and,  finding  out  its  needs,  endeavor  to  meet  them  in  a  rea- 
sonable way. 

Second.  Find  out  the  feasibility  of  the  consolidated 
school  district  in  your  locality — a  plan  that  has  proved  in 
many  places  of  inestimable  value  in  saving  the  young  people 
in  large  numbers  for  the  church  and  the  community  by  of- 
fering them  high  school  advantages.  It  is  a  plan  which  has 
had  much  to  do  in  many  Western  sections  toward  stopping 
the  exodus  of  families  from  the  country  to  the  town. 

Third.  Plan  a  program  of  social  service  education,  which 
might  well  consist  of  at  least  three  things :  The  library,  the 
study  class,  and  lectures  by  exj^erts  on  social  service  in  gen- 
eral and  on  country  life  welfare  in  particular. 

The  General  Conference  of  The  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  in  1912,  recommended  concerning  the  local  church 
and  social  service,  the  following : 

We  recommend  that  every  Methodist  preacher  study  the  social 
needs  of  his  community  and  lead  his  church  into  a  ministry,  co- 
operating with  other  agencies,  to  meet  those  community  needs.  .  .  . 
We  believe  that  all  the  organizations  of  the  local  church  should 
assume  some  definite  tasks  in  social  service.^ 

It  has  been  recommended  that  the  Sunday  school  should 
concern  itself  with  child  welfare,  the  Ei)worth  League  with 
the  general  conditions  of  life  for  3^oung  people,  the  La- 
dies' Aid  Society  with  the  general  needs  of  the  girls  and 
women  of  the  community,  and  the  Brotherhood  should  en- 
gage its  men  in  civic  action  for  community  w^elfare. 

It  is  recommended  also  that  one  representative  of  the  so- 
cial service  work  of  each  of  the  organizations  in  the  local 
church  constitute,  with  the  pastor,  a  Social  Service  Com- 
mittee to  co-ordinate  the  various  activities  into  a  unified 


iThe  Methodist  Federation  for  Social  Service,  "The  Church  and  the  Social  Question" 
(Reprint),  p.  13. 


IN  RELATION  TO  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY        99 

program  of  social  service  for  the  church  and  to  relate  it  to 
other  agencies  working  for  community  betterment. 

3.  A  Minimum  Community  Program^ 

The  following  program  has  been  recommended  by  Prof. 
Harry  F.  Ward,  Methodism's  Social  Service  Secretary,  as 
the  minimum  for  any  church  community : 

a.  Efficiency  in  Relief  Work. 

Avoid  all  Duplication  of  Effort. 
Place  a  friendly  Visitor  in  Every  Needy  Home. 
Demand  the  Highest  Efficiency  in  Local  Institutions  and  co- 
operate to  Secure  it. 

b.  Moral  Protection  of  Childhood. 

Prohibit  Street  Trading  and  Night  Work. 
Eliminate  the  Liquor  Traffic  and  Organized  Vice. 
Supervise  Commercialized  Amusements. 
Provide  Constructive  Recreation. 

c.  Improvement  of  Industrial  Conditions. 

One  Day's  Rest  in  Seven. 
A  Minimum  Wage. 
Shorter  Hours  for  Women. 

4.  A  City's  Comprehensive  Program 

The  following  is  a  comprehensive  social  service  program 
of  things  which  Christian  men  can  do  in  connection  with 
their  church  and  neighborhood.  It  has  been  prepared  for 
The  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America, 
by  W.  O.  Easton  :^ 

1.  Make  a  special  survey  of  your  district,  to  discover  the  forces 

working  for  righteousness  and  those  working  in  the  other 
direction.  Refuse  to  acknowledge  that  there  is  any  such  thing 
as  a  necessary  evil.  Call  conferences  of  teachers,  social  work- 
ers, and  other  public-spirited  people,  to  discuss  ways  and  means 
of  getting  results. 

2.  Study  the  problems  of  the  Sunday  school  and  church  with  refer- 

ence to  your  community,  with  a  view  to  making  it  a  greater 
force  for  the  training  of  young  and  old  to  a  greater  apprecia- 
tion of  moral  virtues  and  Christian  truths. 


2  Dorion,  New  England  Methodism,  p.  123. 

3  Easton,  The  Church  and  Social  Work,  pp.  31,  32. 


100  THE  COMMUNITY  SURVEY 

3.  Unify  the  work  of  all  societies  or  groups  in  the  church.    Let  each 

arrange  a  constructive  program.  Enlist  men  for  service,  and 
assign  tasks  to  each. 

4.  Become  acquainted  with  the  work  of  the  social  agencies  in  your 

neighborhood.  Visit  the  executive  in  charge,  informing  him  of 
your  desire  to  be  used  if  he  has  tasks  you  can  do. 

5.  Organize  social  study  classes,  social  research  clubs,  lecture  courses 

on  social  subjects,  and  in  other  ways  promote  a  careful  study  of 
social  questions.  Know  your  city  and  its  social  conditions. 
Study  the  problems  your  community  is  facing.  Determine  what 
agencies  are  at  work.  Find  out  through  reading  and  corre- 
spondence how  other  communities  have  met  similar  problems, 
and  try  to  find  a  program  which  will  help  your  community. 

6.  Aid,  through  volunteer  service,  your  own  church,  near-by  settle- 

ments, clubs,  and  other  relief-giving,  preventive,  and  construc- 
tive social  agencies.  If  necessary,  but  only  after  careful  study, 
organize  an  agency  to  do  a  piece  of  social  work  that  is  needed. 

7.  Give  as  you  have  the  means,  but  only  to  those  agencies  whose 

purposes  are  sound  and  whose  work  has  been  tested  by  results 
beneficial  to  the  community. 

8.  Sympathize  with  points  of  view  at  variance  with  your  own.     Go 

as  far  as  you  can  with  others.  In  the  process  of  relating  the 
work  of  the  various  religious  and  non-sectarian  social  agencies 
the  co-operative  attitude  of  mind  is  seemingly  the  last  virtue  to 
develop. 

9.  Encourage  a  spiritual  desire  to  be  helpful  to  your  fellows  and  an 

intellectual  keenness  which  will  enable  you  to  see  the  problems 
presented  in  an  unbiased  way — the  backgrounds  or  causes, 
present  situation  and  trend. 


APPENDICES 


'  APPENDIX  A 

A  SUGGESTIVE    OUTLINE    FOR    A   COMPLETE   ANALYTICAL 

INDEX  TO  A  SURVEY  REPORT 

(Reports  of  Denver  Survey  may  be  secured  from  author.) 

CHAPTER  Introduction 

I.  Scope  of  the  Survey. 

a.  The  field  surveyed,  accompanied  by  map. 

b.  The  homes  canvassed. 

c.  The  churches  included. 

d.  The  community  problems  studied. 

11.  The  Sources  of  the  Survey. 

a.  Information  gathered  from  house-to-house  canvass. 

b.  Examination  of  Church  Records  and  Reports. 

c.  Examination  of  Public  and  Quasi-Public  Records  about 

the  community. 

d.  Observations  on  the  Social  Agencies  of  the  Community. 

e.  Investigation  of  the  Industrial  Establishments  within  the 

Territory. 

f.  Personal  Interviews. 

III.  Plan  of  Reporting  Survey. 

a.  The  typewritten  report  (200  pages,  including  30  illustra- 

tions— maps,  photographs,  and  diagrams — and  50  statis- 
tical tables). 

b.  The  chromatic  chart  of  the  community. 

c.  The   index  file,  with  color   signal   system  for   Protestant 

schedules. 

PART  I 
A  Retrospective  Survey;  or,  Looking  at  Yesterday 

I.  Chronological  Data  from  the  Inception  of  the  Work  to 
THE  Present  Time. 

II.  The  Numerical  Record  (Absolute  and  Relative)  for  the 
Past  Two  Decades— 1892-1912. 

III.  A   Numerical  Comparison  by   Decades  with   Grace   and 
Trinity  Churches,  with  Chart. 
103 


104  APPENDIX  A 

CHAPTER 

IV.  Financial  Data  (Absolute  and  Relative)  for  Past  Two 

Decades— 1892-1912. 
V.  Relative  Benevolent  and  Missionary  Record. 
VI.  Observations  About  the  Mission  of  Yesterday. 

PART  II 
An  Introspective  Survey;  or,  Looking  into  To-Day 
I.  The  Mission  To-Day. 

a.  Membership  records:  all  organizations. 

b.  Attendance  records :  all  services. 

c.  Present  financial  conditions. 

d.  Present  mission  activities. 
II.  Community  x^ctivities  To-Day. 

a.  Social  Settlements. 

b.  Schools:  Public  and  Parochial. 

c.  Parks  and  Playgrounds. 

d.  Relief  Stores. 

III.  The  Homes  To-Day;  Tabulation  of  the  House-to-House 
Canvass. 

a.  The  House-to-House  Schedule. 

b.  Summaries  of  Survey  Results. 

(1)  The  Rehgious  Schedule. 

(a)  Tables  showing  comparison:  General  Denomi- 

nations with  charts;  Protestant  Denomina- 
tions; Reasons  for  non-church  attendance. 

(b)  Miscellaneous  Religious  Data. 

(2)  The  Social  Schedule. 

(a)  Tables  showing  Nationalities;  Sanitary  Con- 

ditions;   Housing   Conditions;    Amusements; 
Sabbath  Observance. 

(b)  Miscellaneous  Social  Data. 

(3)  The  Economic  Schedule. 

(a)  Table  showing  Occupations  of  Males. 

(b)  Frequency  Table  showing  wages  of  males  by 

day,  week,  and  month,  with  chart. 

(c)  Miscellaneous  Economic  Data. 

(4)  Observations  from  the  Schedules. 

c.  Combination  Summaries  of  the  Survey. 
IV.  The  Problems  To-Day. 

a.  The  Religious  Problems. 

(1)  The  Church  Membership  Problem. 

(2)  The  Protestant  Church  Problem. 


APPENDIX  A  105 

(a)  The  Neighborhood  Protestant  Churches. 

(b)  Side  Lights  on  Neighborhood  Churches. 

(c)  Proximity  of  Neighborhood  Churches :  Diagram 

showing  the  directions  and  proportional  dis- 
tances of  nearest  Protestant  churches. 

(3)  The  Jewish  Problem. 

(4)  The  Cathohc  Problem. 

b.  The  Social  Problems. 

(1)  Local  license  evils. 

(2)  Juvenile  delinquency. 

(3)  Rate  of  mortaUty. 

c.  The  Economic  Problems. 

(1)  The  Business  District  Expansion  Problem. 

(a)  Character  of  physical  surroundings. 

(b)  Business  buildings  erected  during  period  1901- 

1912. 

(c)  Building  permits  granted  during  period  1912- 

1913. 

(d)  Graph  of  business  buildings  expansion. 

(2)  Problem  of  Poverty. 

(3)  Problem  of  Employment. 

PART  III 
A  Prospective  Survey;  or,  Looking  Toward  To-Morrow 
I.  The  Future  and  the  Church. 
II.  Recommendations  and  Suggestions. 

a.  Particular  Recommendations. 

b.  General  Suggestions. 

CONCLUSION 

List  of  Illustrations 
Appendix  (various  exhibits) 


APPENDIX  B 

A  CITY  RELIGIOUS  AND  SOCIOLOGICAL  SCHEDULE 

Recommended  by  the  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service  of 
the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America.^ 

I. — Population 

1.  Total  population. 

2.  Population  by  nationalities. 

3.  What  nationality  is  becoming  dominant? 

(a)  In  numbers. 

(b)  In  influence. 

4.  Is  the  population  increasing  or  decreasing,  and  why? 

II. — Church  Life 

1.  How  many  churches? 

2.  Are  they  federated? 

3.  Total  number  church  membership  in  community. 

4.  Total  Sunday  school  em-ollment. 

5.  Total  enrollment  in  church  young  people's  societies. 

6.  Total  attendance  on  churches. 

(a)  Morning. 

(b)  Evening. 

7.  Is  there  a  ministers'  association? 

8.  What  part  does  it  take  in  improving  social  conditions? 

9.  Is  there  a  Y.  M.  C.  A.?     A  Y.  W.  C.  A.? 

10.  What  are  they  doing  to  improve  social  conditions? 

11.  What  statements  are  there  made  relating  to  the  other  churches? 

III. — Education 

1.  Population  of  school  age. 

(a)  Number  in  school. 

(b)  Why  is  the  balance  not  in  school? 

2.  Is  there  medical  inspection  of  school  children?     To  what  extent? 

3.  Are  there  manual  training  and  domestic  science?     In  what  grades? 

4.  Is  there  vocational  guidance?    Continuation  schools?    To  what  extent? 

5.  What  facilities  are  there  for  popular  education? 


(a) 

Libraries. 

(b)  University  extension  courses. 

(c) 

Social  centers. 

(d) 

Lecture  courses. 

(e) 

Reading  circles. 

See  What  Every  Church  Should  Know  About  Its  Community. 

106 


APPENDIX  B  107 

IV. — Recreation 

1.  What  organized  recreation  is  provided? 

(a)  Playgrounds. 

(b)  School  athletics. 

(c)  By  religious  agencies. 

(d)  Boys'  and  girls'  clubs. 

(e)  By  athletic,  social,  or  recreational  clubs. 

2.  What  amusements  are  operated  for  private  profit,  and  how  are  they 

regulated? 

3.  Which  of  these  privately  owned  amusements  are  vicious,  and  in  what 

respects? 

4.  What  provision  is  there  for  the  social  life  of  young  people  living  in 

furnished  rooms? 

V. — Health 

1.  (a)  Death  rate? 

(b)  Infant  mortality? 

2.  (a)   How  many  health  officers? 
(b)  Their  functions? 

3.  What  is  the  annual  budget  of  the  Health  Department? 

4.  Does  the  Health  Department  control  contagious  diseases?    How? 

(a)  Does  it  educate  the  community   in   measures   of   prevention? 
How? 

5.  In  what  ways  do  the  churches  cooperate  with  the  Health  Department? 

6.  What  community  provision  is  made  for  the  care  of  the  sick? 

(a)  Hospitals. 

(b)  Dispensaries. 

(c)  Visiting  nurses. 

(d)  Do  the  churches  share  in  or  cooperate  with  this  provision  for 

the  care  of  the  sick? 

7.  What  provision  is  made  for  the  further  care  of  convalescents  dis- 

charged from  hospitals? 

8.  What  occupational  diseases  exist  in  your  community?     What  meas- 

ures are  taken  for  their  prevention? 

VI. — Housing 

1.  Any  slum  section  of  unsanitary  or  congested  housing. 

(a)  What  are  the  sanitary  defects  in  the  houses  and  surrounding 

the  houses  in  this  section? 

(b)  Greatest  number  of  people  per  room? 

(c)  Who  owns  these  houses? 

2.  What  laws  relating  to  such  conditions?     In  what  respects  are  they 

enforced  and  by  whom? 

3.  How  many  boarding  houses  or  furnished  room  houses? 


108  APPENDIX  B 

4.  How  many  people  room  in  these  houses? 

(a)  Single. 

(b)  Married. 

VII. — Labor 

1.  In  what  ways  do  the  churches  show  their  interest  in  organized  labor? 

2.  Number  of  workers. 

(a)  Men.     (b)  Women,     (c)  Children;  in  industrial  establishments, 
(a)  Men.     (b)  Women,     (c)  Children;  in  mercantile  establishments. 

3.  Working  day. 

(a)  Industrial  establishments:  longest;  shortest;  average. 

(b)  Mercantile  establishments:  longest;  shortest;  average. 

(c)  On  the  farm:  longest;  shortest;  average. 

(d)  In  the  kitchen:  longest;  shortest;  average. 

4.  How  much  nightwork:  for  men;  women;  children? 

5.  How  much  seven  day  work:  for  men;  women;  children? 

6.  Wages:  highest;  lowest;  average  of  lowest  paid  gi'oups? 

(a)  In  industrial  establishments:  men;  women;  children. 

(b)  In  mercantile  establishments:  men;  women;  children. 

(c)  For  farm  work:  men;  women;  children. 

(d)  Are  wages  generally  paid  by  check? 

7.  What  laws  protect  the  health  and  safety  of  the  workers?     In  what 

respect  are  they  enforced? 

8.  What  provision  is  there  to  meet  periodic  unemployment? 

9.  What  proportion  of  workers  are  periodically  unemployed  and  why? 
10.  Number  of  Trade  Unions?    Their  total  membership?    Are  they  fed- 
erated?   Where  do  they  meet? 

VIII. — Immigrants 

1.  Does  your  immigrant  population  reside  in  colonies  and  where  is  it 

distributed? 

2.  Are  housing  and  living  conditions  in  immigrant  sections  below  the 

average  of  the  community?    In  what  respects? 

3.  What  is  being  done  for  the  immigrants  by  their  own  societies? 

4.  What  contact  is  there  between  the  community  and  the  immigrant: 

in  night  schools;  social  centers;  in  school  buildings;  in  churches  by: 

(a)  Religious  services. 

(b)  Classes  in  English. 

(c)  Classes  in  citizenship. 

IX. — Charities 

1.  What  voluntary  charitable  agencies  exist? 

2.  In  what  way  are  they  organized  for  cooperative  work? 

3.  What  relief  work  is  done  by  churches?    What  degree  of  cooperation 

between  them? 


APPENDIX  B  109 

In  what  respects  do  the  private  charitable  agencies  and  the  churches 
cooperate? 

4.  What  is  the  city,  county,  or  State  provision  for  the  rehef  of  poverty 

and  for  the  care  of  defectives  and  dependents?    In  what  respects  do 
the  churches  cooperate  with  these  institutions? 

5.  What  is  done  with  an  unemployed  homeless  person? 

X. — Delinquency 

1.  (a)  Any  juvenile  court? 

(b)  Probation  officers? 

(c)  Separate    confinement    of    juvenile    prisoners    before    and    after 

sentence? 

2.  What  provisions  are  made  for  the  release  of  adult  prisoners  on  pro- 

bation? 

3.  What  are  the  conditions  of  cleanliness,  health,  and  crowding  in  jail, 

police  station,  lock-up? 

4.  How  are  the  prisoners  employed? 

5.  What  is  done  for  the  discharged  prisoners? 

XI. — Public  Morals 

1.  Who  is  legally  responsible  for  the  care  of  public  morals? 

2.  Number  of  saloons. 

3.  Number  of  gambling  houses. 

4.  Number  of  houses  of  prostitution. 

5.  Is  there  a  "segregated  district"? 

6.  What  regulations  are  there  concerning  the  sale  of  liquor;  gambling; 

prostitution;  and  how  enforced? 

7.  What  regulation  is  there  of  picture  shows,  theaters,  and  public  dance 

halls  in  their  relation  to  public  morals  and  how  enforced? 

8.  What  regulation  is  there  regarding  the  sale  of  ''drugs"?     How  en- 

forced? 

XII.— Civics 

1.  How  is  the  community  governed? 

2.  What  are  the  departments  of  its  government  and  the  functions  of 

their  heads? 

3.  Is  there  any  voluntary  organization  for  the  specific  purpose  of  im- 

proving local  government,  such  as  a  city  club  or  civic  league? 

4.  What  points  of  contact  have  been  developed  between  the  churches 

and  the  governmental  agencies  of  the  community? 


APPENDIX  C 

RURAL  RELIGIOUS  AND  SOCIOLOGICAL  SCHEDULE 

A  SPECIAL  schedule  for  a  study  of  social  and  religious  conditions  in 
Upper  Iowa  Conference,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Laymen's  Missionary 
Movement  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and  under  the  direction  of 
W.  H.  Slingerland,  secretary  of  the  Conference,  who  will  edit,  classify, 
tabulate,  and  interpret  the  results  for  use  and  publication. 


Note  1. — This  effort  is  made  in  order  that  statistical  and  authoritative 
information  may  be  procured  in  regard  to  the  condition  and  environment 
of  our  churches.  The  knowledge  obtained  is  to  be  used  to  promote  efforts 
to  advance  the  interests  of  the  Kingdom  of  our  Lord.  The  following 
questionnaire  is  sent  to  the  pastors  of  those  churches  that  represent  Meth- 
odism's constituency  in  the  rural  sections  of  the  Conference.  Their  co- 
operation will  advance  their  own  interests  and  those  of  the  charges  served. 

Note  2. — The  information  sought  is  to  cover  a  radius  of  three  miles 
from  the  church,  or  the  several  churches  of  a  given  charge;  this  applies 
in  each  instance  where  the  word  "community"  or  "section"  is  used.  Fol- 
lowing the  United  States  census,  rural  communities  include  country  dis- 
tricts and  towns  of  less  than  2,500  population.  Use  additional  sheets, 
and  answer  by  number  when  necessary. 


Conference District .  .  . 

Charge Post  Office . 

Pastor Address .  .  . 


I. — Population 

1.  What  is  the  population  of  the  town  or  of  the  community  in  which 

your  church  or  churches  are  located?    Please  estimate  the  popula- 
tion of  ten  years  ago. 

2.  Indicate  the  causes  of  the  increase  or  decrease. 

3.  Where  have  the  removals  from  your  community  gone  and  why? 

4.  Where  have  the  incoming  families  moved  from  and  why? 

5.  State  the  number  of  farm  owners  .  .  .  .   ;  of  farm  tenants  .  .  .  .   ; 

of  farm  hands  .  .  .  .   ;  of  clerks  or  employees  in  town  business, 
stores,  etc.,  .  .  .  .  ;  of  merchants  and  professional  men  .... 

110 


APPENDIX  O  111 

II.  Economic  Conditions 

1.  What  are  the  three  principal  agricultural  products?  .... 

2.  What  is  the  average  size  of  the  farms  to-day?  .... 

Also,  acreage  of  largest  and  smallest  farm?  .... 
What  was  the  average  size  ten  years  ago?  .... 

3.  What  is  the  average  yield  per  acre  of  the  three  crops  named?  .... 

What  was  the  average  yield  ten  years  ago?  .... 

4.  Is  yours  a  dairy  section?  .  .  .  .What  movement  for  improving  the 

milk  product?  .... 

5.  What  is  the  method  of  farming;  rotation  of  crops,  use  of  commercial 

fertilizer,  care  of  machinery,  etc.?  .  .  .  . 

6.  Are   the  farms   tilled  for   drainage?  ....  Is   the   natural   drainage 

good?  .... 

7.  What  is  the  average  price  to-day  for  improved  land?  ....  Average 

price  ten  years  ago?  .... 

8.  Are  the  farms  of  your  community  well  improved,  and  if  so,  note  the 

features  of  improvements?  .... 

9.  What  are  the  usual  hours  of  work  for  men?  ....  For  women?  .... 

III.  Transportation  and  Communication 

1.  Give  the  number  of  miles  of  roads  in  the  three-mile  radius  of  your 

chm'ch?  .... 
Of  these  roads,  how  many  miles  macadamized?  ....  Graveled? 
....  Dirt?  .... 

2.  Number  of  miles  of  railway?  ....  Electric?  ....  Steam? 

3.  What  is  the  cost  per  mile  of  building  and  maintaining  macadamized 

roads?  ....  Gravel    roads?  ....  What    movement    for    better 
roads?  .... 

4.  How   many   Social   Centers:  Churches?  ....  Public   Halls?  .... 

Schools?  ....  Lodge  rooms?  ....  Stores?  ....  Saloons?  .  .  . 
Pool  Halls?  ....  Which  are  used  by  men,  women,  and  children? 

5.  Name   the   secret   societies?  ....  Give   membership   of   each,    and 

how  they  promote  the  social  welfare  .... 

6.  What  is  the  effect  of  the  telephone  upon  social  life?  .... 

7.  Automobiles — how  many?  ....  Effect   upon   physical,    social,    and 

moral   life?  ....  Effect   upon   church    attendance   and   support? 

8.  What  is  the  effect  of  rural  mail  and  parcels  post  upon  merchants  and 

home  life?  .... 

IV . — Recreation 
1.  Which  of  the  following  recreations  are  practiced? 
(1)  Church  socials  and  fairs. 


112  APPENDIX  C 

(2)  Picnics  and  outings. 

(3)  Clubs  and  societies. 

(4)  Festivals  and  celebrations. 

(5)  Entertainments  and  exhibitions. 

(6)  Moving  pictures. 

(7)  Theaters. 

(8)  Dancing. 

(9)  Card  games. 

(10)  Team  games  (football,  etc.). 

(11)  Track  and  field  athletics. 

(12)  Water  sports. 

(13)  BowUng. 

(14)  Gymnastic  exercises. 

(15)  Pool  and  biUiards. 

(16)  Winter  sports. 

(17)  Debates  and  contests. 

(18)  Agricultural  fairs. 

(Indicate  by  (p)  if  informally  practiced;  or  by  (o)  if  organized. 

2.  Which  of  these  are  provided  by  (indicate  by  munber)?     A  church 

.  .  .  .  ;  a  school  .  .  .  .  ;  an  association  .... 

3.  Playgrounds — nimiber,  size,  and  equipment?  ....  What  paid  or  vol- 

untary plaj''  leadership?  .... 

V. — Rural  Education 

(Study  town  school,  and  at  least  one  typical  country  school,  reporting  one 
on  separate  sheet) 

1.  What  is  the  condition  of  your  schoolhouse  in  the  community  as  to 

equipment? 

2.  What  medical  inspection  or  health  supervision  of  children?  .... 

3.  What  is  the  source  of  water  supply?  ....  How  tested?  .... 

4.  What  provision  is  made  for  toilet  convenience?  .... 

5.  What  is  the  number  of  teachers?  .  .  .  .  ;  male  .  .  .  .  ;  female  .  .  .  .  ; 

grade  of  teachers  employed?  .  .  .  .  ;  average  salary,  $....;  male 
;  female ;  and  length  of  tenui-e  in  employ  of  the  school .... 

6.  Which  of  the  following  studies  are  taught?     Nature  study  .  .  .  .  ; 

manual  training  .  .  .  .   ;  elementary  agriculture  ,  .  .  .  ;  music  and 
drawing  .  .  .  .  ;  domestic  science  .... 

7.  Note  the  length  of  the  year's  session  in  days,  and  the  average  number 

of  recitations  each  teacher  has  per  day. 

8.  Is  there  a  pubhc  or  a  school  library?  ....  QuaHty  of  the  books?  .... 

Value  of  books  purchased  last  year?  ....  By  whom  selected?  .... 

9.  What  lecture  courses  or  reading  circles?  .... 

10.  Is  the  school  used  as  a  social  center?  ....  If  not,  how  could  it  be 
utilized  for  community  benefit?  .... 


APPENDIX  C  113 

11.  Give  the  school  district  census  enumeration?  ....  Enrollment?  .... 

Average  attendance?  .... 

12.  Yearly   cost   of   your   school?  ....  Sources   of   support?  ....  If 

country  district,  is  consolidation  practicable?  ....  Attitude  of  the 
school  board  toward  financing  new  educational  methods?  .... 

13.  Is  the  Bible  read  in  the  school?  ....  Is  denominational  influence, 

Protestant  or  CathoHc,  exercised  as  to  employment  of  teachers? 

14.  Ai'e  Farmers'  Institutes  held  in  the  community?  .... 

VI. — Child  Welfare  and  Philanthropy 

1.  How  many  orphans,  homeless,  or  neglected  children  in  families  in  the 

community?  ....  Delinquents?  ....  Physically  defective?  .... 
Feeble-minded?  .... 

2.  What  is  being  done  for  their  welfare?  .... 

3.  Is  there  a  Juvenile  Court?  ....  Cases  last  year?  .... 

4.  Number  and  condition  of  placed-out  children?  .... 

5.  What  child-helping  organizations  in  the  community?  .... 

6.  By  whom  founded  or  administered?  .... 

7.  Number  of  beneficiaries  on  hand?  ....  Total  for  years?  .... 

8.  Describe  the  secular  organizations  for  the  personal  or  social  develop- 

ment of  the  childi'en,  such  as  boys'  and  girls'  clubs,  sex  education 
classes,  athletic  associations,  etc 

9.  What  is  the  moral  condition  of  the  young  people?  ....  Are  there  any 

centers  of  special  moral  infection?  .... 

10.  What  other  weKare  work  (by  almshouses,  relief  associations,  etc.)  is 

being  done?  .... 

11.  Number  and  condition  of  jails  or  lockups?  .... 

12.  What  is  the  number  of  saloons?  ....  How  many  "blind  tigers"? 

13.  How  many  excessive  drinkers  do  you  know  of  within  the  section? 

....  How  many  drug  users?  .... 

VII. — Religious  Conditions  and  Activities  of  Churches 

1.  How  many  churches  in  your  town  or  community?    Please  give  their 

denominational  names  .... 

2.  How  many  chm-ches  in  your  Charge?  ....  How  located  and  how 

far  apart?  ....  What  is  the  membership  of  each?  .... 

3.  What  is  the  total  membership  at  present?  ....  What  was  the  mem- 

bership ten  years  ago?  ....  Can  j^ou  explain  the  difference?  .... 

4.  What  is  the  value  of  each  of  your  churches?  ....  How  many  rooms 

in  each  of  your  church  buildings?  ....  What  facilities  for  institu- 
tional work?  .... 


114  APPENDIX  G 

5.  Average  attendance  at  regular  services  of  each  during  the  past  year- 

NAME  OF  CHURCH         MORNING      AFTERNOON      EVENING 


Can  you  explain  the  difference  in  attendance?  .... 

6.  Enrollment  and  average  attendance  at  each  Sunday  school?  .... 

Are  your  schools  graded?  ....  What  system  of  lessons  is  used? 

7.  Name  each  society  of  the  parish,  and  give  number  of  members  in 

each?  .... 

8.  What  plans  have  you  for  increasing  the  efficiency  of  your  church? 

From  what  class  of  people  is  it  drawing  its  membership?  .... 

9.  Have  you  made  a  survey  of  your  entire  parish?  .... 

10.  Have  you  a  program  of  work  for  the  parish  departments?  .... 

11.  What  part  has  your  parish  in  the  general,  social,  economic,  and  edu- 

cational life  of  the  community,  such  as  a  civic  league,  boys'  and 
girls'  clubs,  Boy  Scouts,  Camp  Fire  Girls,  women's  clubs,  a  simamer 
Chautauqua,  a  community  Christmas  tree,  addresses  in  the  interests 
of  community  life,  or  in  any  other  way?  .... 

12.  Has  your  church  a  chorus  choir  and  how  is  it  trained?  .... 

13.  What  Christian  festivals,  national  holidays,  or  any  local  ''home-coming 

day"  or  events  have  you  celebrated  within  two  years?  ....  What 
have  been  the  results  of  such  efforts?  .... 

14.  When  haTe  you  conducted  revival  meetings?  .... 

What  have  been  the  results  in  a  period  of  ten  years  on  your  charge? 

What  proportion  of  the  whole  community  are  church  members?  .... 
What  is  the  general  sentiment  toward  rehgion?  .... 

15.  Are  the  various  denominations  friendly?  ....  Do  they  co-operate? 

....  If  so,  how?  ....  Give  instances  .... 

16.  Is  your  chm-ch  property  well  kept?  ....  How  are  the  grounds  im- 

proved; that  is,  do  you  have  a  lawn,  trees,  flower  gardens,  hedges, 
tennis  court,  etc.?  .... 

17.  Are  there  any  abandoned  churches  in  your  vicinity?  ....  What  de- 

nomination do  they  represent?  ....  When  abandoned?  ....  For 
what  reason?  .... 

VIII. — Church  Finance 

1.  What  is  the  financial  system  of  your  church  or  churches?  .... 

2.  Have  you  introduced  the  New  Financial  Plan,  including  the  Every- 


APPENDIX  C  115 

Member  Canvass  and  the  weekly  offering  both  to  Current  Expenses 
and  to  Benevolences?  ....  What  changes  has  this  Plan  wrought 
in  the  financial  and  spiritual  condition  of  the  churches?  .... 

3.  Do  you  use  the  Duplex  or  Bi-pocket  envelope?  .... 

4.  What  is  the  budget  for  the  Current  Expenses  of  each  of  your  churches? 

5.  What  is  the  per  capita  amount  paid  in  each  church  to  Current  Ex- 

penses? .... 

6.  W^hat  was  the  total  amount  paid  in  each  church  last  year  to  our  benev- 

olent and  missionary  causes?  .... 

7.  What  was  the  per  capita  amount  paid  in  each  church  to  the  benevolent 

and  missionary  causes  last  year?  .... 

8.  Have  you  a  Tithers'  Band?  ....  What  is  the  enrollment?  .... 

9.  Have  you  a  permanent  church  improvement  fund?  .... 
10.  What  is  condition  of  finances  in  societies  of  parish?  .... 


Date  of  Report 
Signed 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

A.   SELECTED  BIBLIOGRAPHIES 

Israel,  Henry:  The  Country  Life  Book  Shelf.  ''Special  classified  list  of 
books  for  the  country  minister,  teacher,  doctor,  lawyer,  banker,  and 
general  students."    New  York,  1914. 

Rowe,  H.  K.:  "A  Select  Bibliography  on  the  Rural  Church  and  Country 
Life."  Baptist  Department  of  Social  Service  and  Brotherhood.  Bulletin 
No.  10.    Newton  Center,  Mass.,  1910. 

Russell  Sage  Foundation:  Department  of  Surveys  and  Exhibits.  The 
Social  Survey:  a  Bibliography  compiled  by  Z.  L.  Potter,  Bulletin  No.  2 
(Booklet).    New  York,  1913. 

Taft,  Anna  B.:  Community  Study  for  Country  Districts.  "Selected  Bibli- 
ography" under  twelve  groups  of  studies.      New  York,  1912. 

Ward,  Harry  F.:  ''A  Year  Book  of  the  Church  and  Social  Service:''^  Publi- 
cations and  Bibliography."    Pp.  76-96.    New  York  and  Chicago,  1914. 

Wilson,  Warren  H.:  Community  Study.  ''Bibliography"  under  twelve 
classifications.    New  York,  1922. 

B.   SELECTED  BIBLIOGRAPHY 
1.  Church  Efficiency 

Allen,  W.  H,:  "Efficiency  in  Religious  Work":  Efficient  Democracy.  Chap- 
ter X.    New  York,  1907. 

"Chui-ch's  Need  of  the  Efficiency  Engineer."  R.  of  N.  XLV,  350-1, 
March  12. 

Dike,  S.  W.:  "Small  Churches  Increase  Their  Efficiency  by  Scientific 
Method."    Am.  Jl.  Theol.    XVI,  20ff.    January  12. 

Glenn,  John  M.:  "The  Church  and  Social  Work."  Con.  Char,  and  Cor. 
Report.     1911.     138. 

Goldie,  Howard:  "Efficiency  by  Practice."  Central  Christian  Advocate. 
April  22,  1914. 

"How  to  Apply  Efficiency  Tests  to  a  Church."  Current  Lit.  LIII,  675-6. 
December,  '12. 

Paul,  W.:  "City  and  the  Church."  Am.  City.  IX,  212.  September, 
'13. 

"Scientific  Church  Work."    Lit.  Dis.    XIIV,  537-8.    March  16,  1912. 

Stelzle,  Charles:  "Preparation  of  Ministers  for  Social  Work — The  Prepara- 
tion in  the  Seminary."    Con.  Ch.  and  Cor.  Reports.    1911.    233-7. 

TomUnson,  B.  T. :  "Too  Many  Churches:  How  Competition  Reduces  the 

119 


120  BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Effectiveness  of  Their  Work."  World's  Work.  XXV,  475-8.  August, 
'13. 

Ward,  Henry  F.:  "Social  Creed  of  the  Churches.''  New  York  and  Cincin- 
nati.    (Revised)  1914. 

Wells,  George  F.:  "The  Rural  Church  and  Community  Service."  (Re- 
print, Meth.  Review,  November,  1912.    Art.  IX,  920.) 

2.  Community  Studies 

Aronovici,  Carol:  Knowing  One's  Own  Community:  Suggestions  for  Social 
Surveys  of  Small  Cities  and  Towns.  Bulletin  20.  The  Unitarian  De- 
partment of  Social  and  Public  Service. 

Bailey,  Liberty  H.:  ''The  Survey  Idea  in  Country  Life  Work."  Ithaca 
(N.  Y.),  1911. 

Boardman,  John  R. :  The  Rural  Social  Survey.    New  York,  1914. 

Byington,  Margaret  F.:  What  Social  Workers  Should  Know  About  Their 
Own  Community.  Russell  Sage  Foundation.  Pub.,  No.  7,  Church 
Organization  Department.     1912. 

Cork,  Hugh:  Purpose,  Organization  and  Methods  of  Visitation  Day.  Int. 
S.  S.  Ass'n.     (Visitation  Leaflets.) 

Finney,  Ross  L.:  "Social  Survey  of  Country  Charge."  Northwestern 
Christian  Advocate.    Chicago  (December  24),  1914. 

Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America.  "Human  Docu- 
ments of  the  Social  Movement  in  the  United  States."  A  Course  of 
Reading  on  Social  Subjects  for  Social  Workers.  What  Every  Church 
Should  Know  About  Its  Community.    (Pamphlets.) 

Galpin,  C.  J. :  "A  Method  of  Making  a  Social  Survey  of  a  Rural  Commun- 
ity." Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  University  of  Wisconsin.  Cir- 
cular of  Information,  No.  29.    1912. 

Hart,  Joseph  K. :  Educational  Resources  of  Village  and  Rural  Communities. 
New  York,  1913. 

Gillin,  J.  L.:  "Application  of  the  Social  Survey  to  Small  Communities." 
Am.  Jl.  Soc,  17,  547-58. 

Harrison,  Shelbj'^  M.:  "A  Social  Survey  of  a  Typical  American  City." 
The  Social  Survey:  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Political  Science.  V.  2, 
No.  4.     1912. 

Interchurch  Federation  of  Philadelphia,  Commission  of  Social  Service. 
Outline  of  Social  Survey  for  a  Community.    March,  1914. 

Jenkins,  J.  F.:  "How  to  Make  a  Social  Survey."    Independent,  74,  1335-8. 

Taft,  Anna  B.:  Community  for  Country  Districts:  A  Method  of  Investigating 
a  Small  Village  or  Section  of  the  Open  Country.    New  York,  1912. 

Wells,  George  F.:  A  Social  Survey  for  Rural  Communities:  A  Practical 
scheme  for  the  investigation  of  the  structure,  problems,  and  possibilities  of 
rural,  village,  and  other  communities  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  Church 
and  its  work.    New  York,  1911. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  121 

Wilson,  Warren  H.:  Community  Studies  by  Groups:  A  Practical  scheme  for 
the  investigation  of  the  problems  of  the  large  town  or  city  ward  from  the 
point  of  view  of  the  Church  and  its  work.    New  York,  1911. 

3.  Community  Survey  Reports 

a.  RusseU  Sage  Foundation.     The  Department  of  Surveys  and  Exhibits. 

Various  City  and  Rural  Survey  Reports,  especially  "The  Social  Sur- 
vey," by  Paul  U.  Kellogg  and  others;  ^'The  Newburgh  Survey," 
''Scranton  in  Quick  Review,"  "The  Topeka  Improvement  Survey," 
"The  Springfield  (lU.)  Sui'vey."    New  York  City. 

b.  Presbyterian  Department  of  Church  and  Country  Life.    General  Rural 

Surveys  in  Maryland,  Pennsylvania,  Tennessee,  Indiana,  Missouri, 
Arkansas,  Minnesota,  besides  various  special  Ohio  rural  life  surveys. 
New  York,  1912. 

c.  Miscellaneous  Reports. 

Bailey,  L.  M.:  "Report  of  the  Country  Life  Commission,"  Senate  Docu- 
ment 705.    Serial  51^08. 
Bartlett,  D.  W. :  Better  City:  A  Sociological  Study  of  a  Modern  Cit-y.    Los 

Angeles. 
Daniels,  John:  "The  Social  Survey,  Its  Reasons,  Methods,  and  Results." 

Con.  Char,  and  Cor.    Saint  Louis,  1910. 
Dorion,  E.  C.  E.:  New  England  Methodism.     New  York  and  Cincinnati, 

1915. 
Fulton,  Ralph  A.:  "The  Survey  for  EvangeHsm."     Church  and  Country 

Life.    (Pres.  Magazine,  Special  Edition.) 
Gill,  C.  O.,  and  Pinchot,  Gifford:  The  Country  Church:  The  Decline  of  Its 

Influence  and  the  Remedy.    New  York,  1913. 
Hamilton,   B.:  Social  Surveys  of  Austin,   Texas.     University  of  Texas. 

Humanistic  bulletin  No.  15.    Austin,  1913. 
Holdsworth,  J.  T. :  Economic  Survey  of  Pittsburg.    1912. 
Men    and    Religion    Forward    Movement.      Sociological    and    Religious 

Survey  of  Seventy  American  Cities.      (Pres.   pamphlet.)      New  York, 

1911. 
St.  John,  G.  R. :  A  Modern  Church  to  Meet  a  Modern  Situation.    (Story  of  a 

Survey  of  the  Fourth  Pres.  Church,  Chicago.)    1913. 
Stone,  J.  T.:  "Value  of  a  Church  Community  Survey."    Survey  29,  877-80. 

Mar.  22,  13. 
Home   Mission  Council.     Special  Committee   on  Religious   and  Social 
f    Conditions.    Regional  survey  reports.    Bulletins  Nos.  1-4. 
Stelzle,  Charles:  American  Social  and  Religious  Conditions.     New  York, 

1912. 
Thompson,  Carl  W.,  and  Warber,  G.  P.:  "Economic  Survey  of  a  Rural 

Township   in   Southern   Minnesota."     Studies   in   Economics,   No.   1. 

University  of  Minnesota. 


122  BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Warren,  G.  F.,  and  Livermore,  K.  C:  An  Agricultural  Survey.     Cornell 
University,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.    Bulletin  295.    1911. 

4.  Statistical  Methods 

Bowley,  A.  L. :  Elements  of  Statistics.    London  and  New  York,  1907. 
King,  W.  J. :  Elements  of  Statistical  Method.    New  York,  1912. 
Smith,  R.  Mayo:  Sociology  and  Statistics.    New  York,  1896. 

N.  B. — See  also  "Sources:  Current  Information,"  at  end  of  Part  I. 


INDEX 


INDEX 


PAGE 

Auspices  of  a  Community  Sur- 
vey    33 

Canvassers,  Instructions  to .  .  .  56 

Instruction,  Meetings  for .  .  .  56 

Cards,  Church  Welcome 42 

Canvassers'   Invitation 57 

Charts,  Suggested  City 76 

Suggested  for  Rural 77 

Child,  Questions  about  the. ...  11 

Church,    The   Scriptural   Con- 
ception of 3 

The,  and  Social  Service 3 

Mission  of  Early 5 

The  Modern  Conception  of.  5 

Business  of 5 

In  Social  Action 7 

Social  Responsibility  of 8 

The,  Workingman  and 8 

The,  and  the  Family 9 

The,  and  the  Dependent. ...  10 

The,  and  the  Delinquent. ...  10 

The,  and  the  Young  People.  11 

The,  and  Child  Life 11 

The  Country 12 

The  Efficient,  Its  Elements. .  14 

Efficiency,  Examples  of 22 

Membership  Survey 37 

Homes  by  Streets 41 

Directory 38 

Welcome  Card  for  Services 

of 42 

Status  of 42 

Examination  of  Records  of .  .  52 


PAGE 

The  Neighborhood 52 

Social  Programs  for 97 

Classification  of  Material 64 

Community  Service,  Programs 

for 97 

A  Local  Program 97 

A  Rural  Program 97 

A  Minimum  Program .......  99 

A  City  Comprehensive  Pro- 
gram    99 

Community  Survey,  The 15 

What  is  a 15 

The  Need  of 16 

The  Value  of 18 

and  Demonstrations  of  Effi- 
ciency    21 

The  Making  of  a 31 

The  Organization  for 33 

The  Organization  Tree  of  a. .  33 

The  Auspices  of 33 

The  Division  of  Labor  in. .  .  .  35 

The  Plan  of  Investigation  of .  37 

The  Viewpoints  of 37 

The  Scope  of 37 

City  and  Rural 44 

Thi^ee  Fields  of  Investigation 

in 44 

Schedules  for 41-48 

Sources  of  Investigation  for .  52 

Methods  in  Taking  a 53 

Churches  Cooperating  in.  .  .  58 

Minimum  Information  in .  .  .  58 

Community,  Map  of 58 

Side  Lights  on 58 

125 


126 


INDEX 


PAGE 

Conservation    of    Survey    Re- 
sults   93 

Colored    Signal    Index    Sys- 
tem in ... 94 

Follow-up  Plans  for 93,  96 

Country  (See  Rural). 

Questions  About 8 

Recreation  in 11 

The  Diagnosis  of  the  Unrest 

in 12 

Elements  to  be  Strengthened 

in 12 

Current  Information  on  Social 

Service 28 

Delinquent,  Questions  about.  .  10 

Demonstration  of  Statistics ...  71 

Dependent,  Questions  about.  .  10 
Diagrams  and   Graphs,   Rules 

for  Construction  of 75 

Division  of  Labor  in  a  Com- 
munity Survey 35 

Efficiency,  Test  of 14 

Meaning  of 14 

Industrial 15 

S  c  i  e  n  t  i  fi  c     Management, 

Methods  of 15 

Examples  of  Church 22-25 

Family,  Questions  about 9 

Housing,  Conditions  of 9 

Federal      Council,      The,      of 

Churches 7 

Figures,  Construction  of 75 

Follow-up  Plans 93 

Graphs  and   Diagrams,   Rules 

for  Construction  of 75 

Home  Missions,  The,  Council. 7,  63 

The  Council  of  Women  for. .  7 

House-to-House  Canvass 58 

Housing  Conditions 9 


PAGE 

Index  System,  Colored  Signal.  93 
Individual,    The,    as   a   Social 

Creature 5 

Interpretation  of  Statistics. ...  71 
Investigation  in  a  Community 

Survey 37 

Making  a  Community  Survey .  31 

Map  of  Community 58 

Material,  Classification  of 64 

Tabulation  of 67 

Methodist,  The,  Federation  for 

Social  Service 7 

Social  Recommendations  by .  98 
Methods,     Local    Community 

Sm-vey 54 

Four  General 53 

City  Social  Survey 59 

Rural  Community  Survey.  .  60 

Denominational  Survey 61 

General  Missionary  Field ...  63 

Numbers,  Absolute 68 

Relative 68 

^'Smoothed" 70 

Organization  for  a  Community 

Survey 33 

Personal  Interviews 53 

Presbyterian,   The,   Bureau  of 

Social  Service 7 

Department  of  Church  and 

Country  Life 21 

Rural  Life  Surveys 23 

Programs  of  Social  Service .  .  97-100 

Questions,  Some  Community . .  8 

About  the  Workingman 8 

About  the  Family 9 

About   the   DeUnquent   and 

Dependent 10 


INDEX 


127 


PAGE 

About  the  Young  People. ...     11 

About  the  Child 11 

About  the  Country  and  the 

Country  Church 12 

Recommendations  upon  Survey 

Results 97 

Records,  Church  Membership .     38 
Pubhc  and  Quasi  Pubhc ....     52 
Rehgion,  Social  Aim  and  End 

of 3 

of  Israel 3 

Report,  Index  to  a  Survey 103 

Rural  Church,  The 12 

Survey  Reports 23,  51 

Schedules 43,45-48 

Scope  of 44,50 

Sources  for 53 

Methods  of 60 

Charts 77 

Community  Program 97 

(See  also  Country.) 

Schedule,  A  Church  Member- 
ship    39 

A  Non-Church  Membership .  40 

Individual  Church 43 

Rules  for  Making 44 

Examples  of 45-48 

A  Rural 48 

An  Index  File  for 93 

(See  also  Appendices  B  and  C.) 
Scope  of  a  Community  Siu-vey. 

37,  49,  50 

Signal,  Colored,  Index  System .  94 
Social  Service,  The  Scriptural 

Conception  of 3 

Relation  to  Other  Activities .  3 
Christ  as  the  Dhect  Inspira- 
tion of 4 

Presbyterian  Bureau  of 7 

The    Methodist    Federation 

for 7 

Other  Church  Organizations 

of 7 


PAGE 

Commission,   Federal  Coun- 
cil of  Churches 7 

Programs  for 97-100 

The  Local  Church  and 98 

Social  Vision 3 

Conditions,  Theory  of 6 

ResponsibiUty  of  Church.  .  .  6 

Action  of  the  Church 7 

City  Survey 44 

Sociology,  Practical 8 

Sources    of    Current    Informa- 
tion  28,29 

Statistics,  Survey 64 

Comparison  of 66 

'The  Mode"  in 67 

The  ' 'Weighted  Average"  in .  67 

The  "Frequency"  in 68 

"Relative  Numbers"  in.-.  ...  68 

"Smoothed  Numbers"  in 70 

Demonstrations  of 71 

Survey,  Schedules  for 43,  45-48 

Results,  Ways  of  Utilizing .  .  26 

Church  ]\Iembership 37 

Church  Sunday  School 42 

Reports 51 

City  Social,  Methods  in  Tak- 
ing    59 

A  Denominational 61 

General  Missionary  Field ...  63 

Table,  "The  Frequency" 68 

Absolute,    Relative,    and 

"Smooth" 68,70 

Tabulation  of  Material,  Tally 

Sheets  for 64,65 

Rules  for 67 

UtiUzing  Survey  Results 26 

Viewpoints    of    a    Community 

Survey ^7 

Visitation,  House-to-House 58 


128 


INDEX 


PAGE 

"Welcome"   Card   for  Church 

Services 42 

Workingman,  Questions  about 

the 8 

The  Church  and  the 9 


PAGE 

Young  People,  Some  Questions 

about  the n 

The  Recreation  of H 

Woman,  The  Economic  Life 
of 11 


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